Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• phase, where the accumulation of minority carriers near the interface leads to recombination and electron flow into the surface. Over time, a steady state is reached when the rate of hole influx at the interface balances charge transfer and recombination, resulting in a stable photocurrent. When the

• light is turned off, the process stops, and only residual electron movement remains. As the electron flux decays, any leftover holes are consumed by recombination and charge transfer, causing the current to return to zero with a negative overshoot. This justification suggests that since both the

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• showed that oxygen adsorption on cleaved surfaces facilitates the formation of a stable structure with charge transfer signatures, as identified by high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy [8]. It remains unclear whether similar effects occur in exfoliated thin flakes. Like in other materials, the

• at 576 eV appeared because of the presence of Cl vacancies and the subsequent formation of reactive sites for the dissociation [16] of molecular oxygen to induce a stable phase of Cr–O–Cl [8]. We realized that the low-binding-energy component in Cr 2p3/2 is arising because of charge transfer effects

• . This turns the system from a surface Mott–Hubbard insulator to a charge-transfer [8] one in spite of Cr being an early transition metal [32]. What can be presumed from the present study is that Cl–O exchange following Cl vacancy formation is limited in very thin layers because of the limited diffusion

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• was amplified by functionalization of the gold nanoflowers with 4-aminothiophenol, which resulted in a 100-fold decrease of the charge transfer resistance due to a tunneling effect. Subsequently, monoclonal antibodies against H1 were immobilized on the surface via covalent amide bond formation

• was coupled to an automated microfluidics system, and no significant decrease of the electrochemical signal was observed. Keywords: charge transfer; cyclic voltammetry; differential pulse voltammetry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrodeposition; Introduction Viral infections pose a

• electron charge transfer at the surface of the electrode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the charge transfer enhancement with 4-ATP, a small organic molecule with delocalized π-electron system, has been employed to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensing of proteins

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• the high binding energy observed between water and porous h-BN, despite Mulliken analysis indicating no significant charge transfer. The calculated O–-H bond lengths suggest the presence of hydrogen bonding, and a comparison of binding energies obtained using PBE and BH functionals indicates that van

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• fibers, taking advantage of the high internal surface area of carbon fiber paper. The pulsed laser-grafted composites exhibited zero measurable charge transfer resistance between gold nanoparticles and the carbon support, leading to superior cathode performance over conventionally prepared electrodes for

• resistances (R) and capacitances at all interfaces and the electrolyte. In our EIS measurements, the most relevant circuit element is the charge transfer resistance (Rct) between the gold nanoparticles and the graphitic carbon support, measured at open circuit potential so that electrochemical reactions do

• -grafted gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites showed zero measurable charge transfer resistance (Figure 5B) and, therefore, excellent electrical contact. In contrast, chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles with citrate surfactants, electrostatically attached to hydrophilic carbon fiber paper

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• generation of holes and electrons. Specifically, it contributed 70.1% of the holes and 29.9% of the electrons, in comparison to Co-doped TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 [60]. This can be attributed to the electron-trapping capabilities of Co ions, which enhance charge transfer and facilitate highly efficient electron

• potential difference is applied in heterojunction systems, electrons transfer from the conduction band (CB) of semiconductor 1 (SC1) to the CB of semiconductor 2 (SC2). At the same time, holes in the valence band (VB) of SC1 migrate to the VB of SC2. This charge transfer occurs in type-I heterojunctions, as

• heterojunctions are classified based on their charge transfer mechanism and the presence or absence of mediators. The direct Z-scheme relies on the direct electron transfer between photocatalysts; eliminating the electron mediator simplifies the design and enhances stability but may suffer from higher charge

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• pristine silver nanospheres upon interaction. The appearance of the redshifted peak might be due to charge transfer or aggregation [7]. An increased nanoparticle size leads to a further redshift of the plasmonic peak [26]. Hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and morphology of the ʟ-car-AgNPs are shown in

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• sensors has some limitations associated with the low conductivity of MOFs. Therefore, the coupling with conducting materials, such as carbon-based materials, metal nanoparticles, and polymers, has been performed to enhance the electron charge transfer of MOFs [23][24]; single MOFs combined with carbon

• in the electrode material. Electrochemical property The Nyquist diagrams in Figure 5 were obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 0.1 M KCl solution containing 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Based on the EIS analysis, the charge transfer resistances (Rct) of CPE, CuBTC@CPE, and (Cu)(Fe

• Ω and significantly better conductivity [37], to the (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE led to reduction to about a third in Rct. This reduction in charge transfer resistance is advantageous for the enhancement of electrochemical oxidation on the electrode surface. Electrochemical behaviour of enrofloxacin on the (Cu

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• stacking depicted in Figure 1a as AB, where the tungsten atoms (W, blue dots) are positioned directly above the selenium atoms (Se, purple dots). This arrangement leads to charge transfer from the lower layer to the upper layer, resulting in downward polarization [24] (as shown by the black arrow in Figure

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• , we calculated the charge transfer of the system using Bader charge analysis, which was 0.1e− from GO to TA. The low value of charge transfer indicates that van der Waals (vdW) interaction forces dominate the binding between GO and TA. This is confirmed by the unfavorable binding energy (i.e

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• carriers (for electrons and holes). To calculate the charge transfer and use it in the solar cell, it is required to know the electron affinity and work function of monolayer Ge2Se2. The electron affinity is calculated as EA = EVac − ELUMO, where EA is the electron affinity, EVac is the vacuum energy level

• using Ge2Se2 as HTL; (a) device setup consisting of stacked layers of FTO–TiO2–CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3–Ge2Se2–Ag; (b) band offset among different PSC layers, demonstrating the ease of charge-transfer from the active layers to the respective transport layers. PSC performance parameters as functions of (a) HTL

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• difference (LCPD) between a probe tip and a surface, related to the work function. Here we use this technique to map the LCPD of graphene nanoribbons grown on a Au(111) substrate. The LCPD data shows charge transfer between the graphene nanoribbons and the gold substrate. Our results are corroborated with

• opening a size-dependent energy gap [6][9]. As in graphene, the Fermi level of GNRs is also strongly influenced by charge transfer between the substrate and the GNR [10], again related to differences in the work function. Here, we take the work function as a local property influenced by local charge, that

• electronic properties, a suitable method to study the charge transfer, that is, the local work function, between a GNR and a metal substrate at the atomic scale is needed. In general, as detailed above, the local work function can provide evidence for structural, electronic, and chemical variations at

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• apparent flake height seems to depend on both the tip–sample voltage and on the material, we explore these correlations on both GO and rGO flakes by biasing the tip with a DC voltage. To prevent any interaction between flakes arising from charge transfer through the substrate [79], we deliberately chose

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• from STS experiments [49][50][51], it is lower than the energy observed in photoemission experiments [52]. A possible rationale is the locally lifted graphene in the presence of the tip [53], which in turn decreases the charge transfer from graphene to the metal and reduces the p-doping [52] and

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• equal to or greater than the binding energy of singlet and triplet excitons. The energy levels system of the considered devices with QDs determines the optimal photocurrent of dissociation for most singlet excitons, which require at least 0.07 eV energy [64]. The production of charge-transfer carrier

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• Rs corresponds to solution resistance, Rct is related to charge transfer resistance at the interface of the solution and the electrode material, while CPE is a constant phase element, which represents capacitive performance of the electrode. The circuit parameters and their standard deviations were

• , the results indicate that microporosity, and thus the electroactive surface area of the electrode, increases with a higher content of cCB in the hydrogel-MCO film. A slightly different trend can be observed for the charge transfer resistance Rct at the solution–film interface. The highest Rct is

• electrode and the reference electrode, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) data was recorded from 1.1 to 2.0 V vs RHE with a 10 mV/s scan rate. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) was determined based on EIS measurements. The spectra were obtained in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz at

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• T → 0 can flow across the junction. The situation becomes entirely different provided one goes beyond the tunneling limit and considers highly transparent superconducting weak links in which case the charge transfer is essentially controlled by the mechanism of multiple Andreev reflection [2]. This

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• atom forms two bonds with Au atoms in the Au-fcc/Ge structure and only one at the Au-hcp/Ge interface. The maps of charge density differences show charge transfer occurs both at the interface and in the adjacent germanium layer. Appendix A Surface energies The surface energies calculated for several

•  13 with yellow regions representing charge accumulation and light blue regions indicating charge depletion. For all heterostructures, the charge transfer from Au and Ge interfacial atoms leads to the electron accumulation at approximately half of their distance. At the presented isocharge surface

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• organic blends, charge photogeneration can be understood, in a first approach, as the result of exciton dissociation into Coulomb bound charge transfer (CT) states at the donor–acceptor interfaces. This event is finally followed by the dissociation of the CT states into delocalized carriers of opposite

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• presented. Finally, we present the potential pathways and current problems in progressing MOF-based nanomaterials for CO2 conversion. Review Mechanism of CO2RR The process of CO2 reduction consists of three steps. First, the CO2 molecules are adsorbed on the active sites of catalysts. Second, charge

• transfer processes take place to create intermediates such as *CHO, *CO, and *COO. The process could include many electrons attending in the electrochemical reaction, and orientate the formed products. Finally, these species are desorbed from the active sites of electrocatalysts to generate various

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• formation of a charge-transfer complex between chemisorbed species and matrix material, which yields enhancement when the excitation frequency resonates with a charge-transfer transition [7]. Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have gained much popularity in various fields, such as analytical chemistry and

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• the low-frequency region. The former component is characteristic of charge transfer resistance, while the latter presents the diffusion of ions in the solid phase. Compared to the pure Ge electrode, the diameters of the semicircle are smaller in the Ge@C electrodes because of the higher electrical

• conductivity of the additional carbon matrix, indicating the decrease in charge transfer resistance of the composite electrodes. The EIS results were fitted using an equivalent circuit model, including an internal or electrolyte resistance (Re), a charge transfer resistance (Rct), and two constant phase

• elements (CPE) [65]. According to Table 2, the charge transfer resistances of all Ge@C electrodes are much lower than the values of the pure Ge electrode, and Ge/C-iM750 exhibits the lowest value. The ionic conductivity was evaluated using the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient () using the following

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• , the sensor’s oxidation–reduction behavior was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to study the electrochemical properties of the modified the GQDs/GCE working electrode, which showed excellent charge transfer properties. We measured malathion in varying concentrations

• /reduction behavior and charge transfer resistance, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. An investigation of the relationship between concentrations and peak currents was conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In this study, the modified GQD electrodes

• Brillouin zone, while the G band arises from vibrations in rings of sp2-hybridized atoms inside the GQDs. Electrochemical studies Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy In order to investigate the charge transfer on the electrode surfaces, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used with the redox