Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• prepared on an ultrathin carbon support film spanning a lacey carbon membrane (Figure 2c). The deposit appears smeared because of drift caused by charging effects during the deposition process. High-resolution STEM imaging (Figure 2d,e) revealed a granular nanostructure with nanograins of around 2 nm in

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• charging effects. The Cr(C6H6)2 precursor was preheated to 80 °C for at least 30 min. The GIS nozzle with an inner diameter of 0.5 mm was tilted at 30° and positioned 100 µm above the substrate and 100 μm away from the beam center. The Me3CpPtMe precursor was preheated to 45 °C, and the GIS was tilted to

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• lower region of the microcavity and an additional eight bilayers in the upper area. The bottom DBR was coated with LFO using the spin-coating technique. Ultrafast transient-absorption spectroscopy was used to measure charging dynamics by exciting the microcavity with a pump pulse and observing the

• evolution of stored energy with a probe pulse. The study demonstrated superextensive charging dynamics, where the rise time decreases as the stored energy density increases. The DBRs in the structure play a crucial role in the experimental setup. Firstly, allowing for the confinement of the optical field

• and driving coherent interactions with the organic semiconductor molecules. Secondly, enabling the measurement of the evolution of stored energy and the differential reflectivity induced by the pump pulse, which is essential for monitoring the charging dynamics at a femtosecond resolution. The

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• consistent with the reported resistivity of the FEBID material [24]. The resistivity was also measured across the milled structure before nanowire deposition (Figure 8a) and after FIB removal (Figure 8b). The results obtained show that in both cases the measured current was mostly related to the charging and

• slit in the RoI and (b) after removal of the measured nanowire. In both cases the resistance is above 100 GΩ, and the I–V curves represent the capacitance charging current. Funding This work was conducted within the National Science Centre, Poland NCN OPUS grant – “Nanometrology of Nottingham cooling

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• charging the flakes through bringing the tip into contact while applying an external bias voltage to the tip [78] (see Supporting Information File 1, section SI.3 for further details). Following the charging process, without activating the KPFM feedback (Figure 2a), there is a noticeable increase in the

• number of layers, and measurements without KPFM might give an erroneous layer count. Moreover, a line profile along one and two layers (Figure 2c) reveals that, after charging, the height increase of the first layer with respect to the substrate is much more pronounced than the increase of the second

• layer with respect to the first one, which remains essentially unchanged. Additional charging experiments (not shown) reveal that the measured flake height depends on the charging state; this effect is magnified as the amount of charge is increased, regardless of its sign. We could associate this

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• depth were drawn on the surface using a FIB-SEM. Although the lines could be clearly observed, the nanostructures could not be resolved in FIB or SEM imaging modes because of poor contrast for both and the observed sample charging during SEM imaging (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). Because of

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• , which favored the charging process of the metallic electrode. These were used to facilitate the transport of charge carriers between the electrode and the layer, which can become problematic because of limitations in the conductivity of organic materials. The changes in roughness presented from the AFM

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• outside of the disk are probably caused by the charging of the SiN membrane. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 16: Video of Lorentz TEM measurements. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the possibility of performing parts of the work at ER-C-1, HNF, PGI-4/JCNS-2, PGI-5

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• charging corresponds to a positive Vdc change). Actually, there are many ways to perform the signal demodulation. Amplitude heterodyne KPFM, introduced in 2012 by Sugawara et al. [17], is a very elegant approach. It combines the advantages of frequency-modulated KPFM (FM-KPFM) and amplitude-modulated KPFM

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• extracted from a 65 decitex yarn. Fibers were mounted onto cardstock specimen holders, fixed with adhesive at two points approximately 15 mm apart from one another, and conductively coated with a gold–palladium mixture to mitigate sample drift, for example, due to sample charging effects inside the FIB

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• signals from secondary electrons and backscattered electrons (BSE) to minimize charging effects due to the bad electrical conductivity of the SiO2 layer. In addition, the composition information related to the Z-contrast was obtained by the BSE detector because the areas rich in elements with higher

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• by the phase transition from a hexagonal structure to a monoclinic structure, which occurs during cathode charging at a potential of approximately 4.2 V [5][6][7][8][9]. A decrease in capacity (approx. 50%) is observed during the cycling charging–discharging processes, caused by the dissolution of

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• humidification and dehumidification processes. (n) The equivalent circuit diagram of the PEDOT:PSS/PVDF double-layer generator charging a capacitor to power a LED. Figure 10k–n were reprinted from [92]. This article was published in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 255, by G. Wang; H. Xia; X.-C. Sun; C

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• from the molecule, therefore the measured spectrum is not representative of the neutral but of the positively charged molecule. Similarly, when unoccupied states are probed, an electron is injected in the molecule and the system is negatively charged. For isolated C60 molecules, the charging energy is

• Us = Es − γ = 3.35 eV. In [57], Esper et al. measured γ by performing PES on C60 films highly doped with K. In this case, the LUMO orbitals were completely filled, therefore the charging energy was the same when HOMO and LUMO states were probed and the difference between the LUMO and HOMO energies

• term) with respect to that of the isolated molecule. In the case of the (111) surface of face-centered cubic bulk C60, the measured electronic gap is Eb = 3.50 eV [23]. Therefore, the charging energy is Ub = 1.90 eV. Defining ΔU as the variation of the Coulomb energy with respect to isolated C60, in

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• of the other three films, as SEM operation quickly leads to surface charging effects. Optoelectronic properties UV–vis spectra of the deposited graphene films at different centrifugation rates, redispersed in specified volumes of NMP, are given in Figure 5. The optical transmission spectra are

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• tear of the switches, especially for CNT [16] and GR [29] switches. Permanent adhesion caused by the dielectric charging [52][53] and chemical bonding [24] are the focus of the research on improving the life cycles. At present, it is mainly solved by reducing the electrode contact area [14] or

• charges, forming a dielectric charging effect. Molinero et al. [52][53] characterized the dielectric charging when the switch electrodes were contacted and proved that the surface dielectric charging caused by friction would lead to a shift of the switch voltage and shorten the life cycles of the switch

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• composition analysis was performed through EDX using the FESEM, equipped with a Bruker Quantax EDX setup capable of an energy resolution of 123 eV at Mn Kα. In order to prevent charging the samples were metalized with 20 nm of Cr using a Quorum Technologies Q150T ES sputter coater. All FTIR absorption spectra

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• l = 2, 3 with Results and Discussion Before we present numerical results, let us look at the energy scales we are going to discuss. Typical values of the bandwidths of the metallic organic wires are several hundreds of millielectronvolts [79][80]. The charging energy parametrized by U can be

• voltage (change of the dot single particle energy Ef) or by modification of electron–phonon coupling. Polaron-induced suppression of charging energies shifts the Coulomb blockade boundaries and narrows Coulomb valleys. Possible transitions are n = 1→n = 2, n = 0→n = 1→n = 2 and n = 0→n = 2. Let us first

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• discharge process and of Na2S4 into elemental sulfur in the charging process. Therefore, a complete conversion of polysulfides is achieved in both charge and discharge processes leading to an extraordinary high cycling stability (430 mAh·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A·g−1 and 369 mAh·g−1 after 2000 cycles at

• safely in intermetallic anodes, from which Na ions are reversibly released during discharging and charging processes. Among the most common alloying elements in SiBs are tin [74], antimony [75], and to a lesser degree phosphorous [76]. These elements can be either directly sodiated to form Na alloys or

• . In a recent work, Liu et al. chemically pre-sodiated hard carbon using sodium biphenyl [86]. The SiB full cell showed a discharge capacity of 100 mAh·g−1 at 2C after 550 cycles (Figure 10E). Hard carbons can also be sodiated during the first charging cycle. Bloi et al. synthesized a porous Na2S

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• current density is associated with the charging of the electric double layer, a decrease in the concentration of electroactive species near the electrode surface, and an increase in the diffusion layer thickness. Stage II corresponds to the growth of Cu segments inside the AAO at near constant current

• diffusion layers results in the planar diffusion to the NEA surface. Thus, a decrease in the density of active electrodes could be more appropriate because of the decrease in electric double layer charging current and, as a consequence, the growth of the signal-to-noise ratio. A controlled decrease in the

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• such vertical tunneling through the interfacial layers can be undesirable since it prevents the current from flowing across electrode–molecule–electrode junctions [43] or leads to the charging of physisorbed molecules on top of such layers [18]. Hence, ultrathin insulating layers are often not

• . To a lesser extent, metal oxides have also been used, for which defects and charging often pose additional challenges [44][45][46]. On electronically insulating surfaces, non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the method of choice to study molecular assemblies and individual molecules in real

• substrate. Hurdax et al. reported that both charged and neutral species of sexiphenyl can co-exist on thin dielectric MgO films on Ag(100) [89]. Due to the changed work function of the substrate, charging of the adsorbates is enabled by electron tunneling. The charge transfer strongly influences the

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• positive charging of the Ag surface. However, the SERS signal of CuTSPP4 is much weaker in that case than that of CuTMpyP4 after negatively charged surface modification. This is presumably not caused by different adsorption maxima of the analytes because they have very similar optical properties [33]. We

• same conditions, the CuTSPP4 SERS spectrum was absent (Figure 7, number 5). We suggest that Cu2+ ions are weakly adsorbed at the Ag surface and were mostly removed during the washing stage. Copper complexation with PEI and positive charging of the glass surface is expected in this case. This could also

• SERS intensity decrease up to complete spectrum disappearance. On the other hand, positive charging of the Ag surface enables the measurement of CuTSPP4 spectra, which is prevented for the surface modifications with negative charge. However, it remains relatively weak, revealing that the Ag surface has

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• substrate can lead to a charging of the surface induced by the deposition of charged species. This can have a strong influence on the surface local charge and, eventually, on island formation [15] during HV-ESD. To improve scan conditions, imaging was performed a few hours after HV-ESD to reduce the

• charging effects [39]. A low coverage of C60 on KBr(001) obtained after HV-ESD is shown in the topography image of Figure 3b. The KBr(001) surface presents similar large terraces and step edges as clean KBr(001). The C60 molecules are forming small cluster visible as many small dots dispersed on the

• limited for the NiO(001) surface. No major impact, similar to KBr, is observed. Also, neither a solvent layer nor the charging of the sample because of deposited ions are observed. Therefore, the observation of single C60 molecules on the NiO(001) surface is the major outcome of HV-ESD. The presence of