Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• with 1× PBS. The cells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 30 min, counterstained with DAPI for nuclear staining, mounted using antifade, and analyzed using confocal microscopy. Immunoblot analysis The expression level of various autophagy-related proteins was analyzed using

• presence of autophagosomes via TEM. Figure 8b reveals the appearance of autophagosomes in GO–Chl-exposed A549 cells. The MDC staining assay and TEM analysis together show the appearance of autophagosomes, which could be due to inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, we performed confocal microscopy with GFP

• expression of the ATG-7 protein observed points towards the formation of autophagosomes in GO–Chl-exposed A549 cells, and corroborates the results obtained through MDC staining and confocal microscopy analysis. Furthermore, a significant dose-dependent increase in the expression level of LC-3 II proteins was

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• , and AUR-Lipo formulations. The particle sizes were 102.2 ± 3.30 nm for Unmodified-Lipo, 109.6 ± 7.65 nm for SO-Lipo, and 151.9 ± 5.88 nm for AUR-Lipo, with polydispersity indices below 0.25, indicating uniform size distribution. Endosomal escape efficiency was evaluated through confocal microscopy by

• nuclei. Confocal microscopy (Olympus FV-1200 Tokyo, Japan) was used to capture images of cellular uptake, and the mean fluorescence intensity was quantified using Fiji-ImageJ software for semi-quantitative analysis. Evaluation of endosomal escape efficiency through subcellular colocalization analysis In

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• multifunctional C’ dots. (B) Competitive cell-binding assay of targeted usNPs (EC112002) revealed a 40-fold improvement in affinity for folate receptor binding compared to free folic acid. (C) Z-stacks of confocal microscopy images of a tumor spheroid treated with targeted usNPs (first and second rows) and

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• [29]. Other microscopy techniques that are useful for such studies are correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) [30], confocal microscopy with Z-stacks [4], and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) which can also demonstrate in which organelles the NPs are localized. The SIM image shown in

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• cooling, is still hindered by several factors. For instance, observing NPs under real working conditions remains a challenge for experimentalists, as the capability to conduct in situ experiments has not yet been fully realized [21]. Experimental methods, such as confocal microscopy [22], laser light

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• 30 min at 37 °C. Then, cells were washed with PBS, and the fluorescence intensity of whole cells was measured using a Cytation™ 5 instrument at λex = 490 nm and λem = 520 nm. Confocal microscopy was performed to study the morphology of HUVECs. Briefly, after incubation, cell monolayers were washed

• . Morphological changes induced by LPS on HUVECs. (A) Representative fluorescence confocal microscopy images of HUVECs from the mild inflammation model. Cells were labelled with CytoPainter Phalloidin-iFluor 488 (actin) and Hoechst 33342 (nucleus). Scale bar: 100 µm. (B) Elliptical form factor (EFF). The EFF was

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• in the spleen of mice was around 60% for free-UA and close to 90% for NLC-UA. Confocal microscopy images proved the cell uptake of NLC into macrophages. Metal nanoparticles are also excellent alternatives for carrying antileishmanial drugs [71]. Almayouf et al. produced silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• high-resolution fluorescence imaging (high-resolution confocal microscopy). Also, the capacity of the pristine and fluorescent NPs to inhibit the growth of bacterial cells was evaluated through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. The MIC value was also determined for Staphylococcus aureus (S

• inversely related to NP size [36]. The accumulation of pristine and fluorescent BSA/PDA NPs was evaluated by standard and high-resolution fluorescence confocal microscopy after 24 h of contact of NPs with E. coli cells. Obviously, bacteria without NPs and bacteria with pristine BSA/PDA NPs were not detected

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• -Center for Advanced Science and Technology for their assistance in AFM, Dr. Ying-Ping Huang of the NCHU Graduate Institute of Biotechnology for her help in confocal microscopy, and Hung-Ming Chen for his assistance in the PC12 proliferation experiments. Lester U. Vinzons was a recipient of the National

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs showed promising anticancer potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines, although this effect was less pronounced in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMN) cell lines. Confocal microscopy was used

• fluorescent microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE, Ni-U; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and confirmed by confocal microscopy (CLSM) (Nikon AX/AX R Confocal Microscope, Tokyo, Japan). For FACS analysis, cells were trypsinized and washed with PBS three times. Then the samples were examined using a flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• are assessed with the use of fluorescent-labeling carriers and the expression of fluorescent proteins (e.g., enhanced green fluorescent protein). Both of which are typically assessed by widefield fluorescent microscopy/confocal microscopy (referred to as “imaging”) and/or flow cytometry (Table 1

• ). Laser scanning or spinning disc confocal microscopy, typically used for qualitative determination of NP uptake, can provide valuable insights into relative distribution and aggregation of NPs, which has been widely used in the field of nonviral gene delivery (reported in 82% of the papers, Figure 1a

• sensing methods. Future Directions and Outlook Common techniques used to determine uptake and transfection possess limitations. Image-based techniques, such as widefield fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy, are limited by relatively low throughput and can be ambiguous for properly quantifying

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• subjects. Penetration and delivery of fluorescein into skin For MN array insertion tests on porcine skin, confocal and stereo microscopes were used to estimate the FPL and APE penetration metrics. Figure 7a–d shows confocal microscopy results of skin insertion tests for various insertion methods: (a

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• . The profiles of cells were extracted from topographic images using the Image J software. Tridimensional reconstitution of topographic images was performed using the JPK software. Likewise, the same parameters were maintained for all cells measured. Confocal microscopy Cells (5 × 104 cells/mL) were

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• spectral response to the presence of metal ions, which illustrates the sensitivity and selectivity for Hg2+. Further, GSH-Rh6G2 and GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 were employed in confocal microscopy experiments using Hela cells. The experiments showed that GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 is more easily internalized into the cells and

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• into MIA PaCa-2, which was pre-grown for two days. The DOX solution was removed after 4 h and the cells were then washed with PBS for three times. Afterwards, the cells were cultured in normal medium for another 12 h. Laser confocal microscopy The cells (3 × 104 cells/well) were grown in 500 µL culture

• membranes were stained with Hoechst 33342 (1 µg/mL) or AF488-WGA (1 µg/mL) for 10 min. Then, the cells were rinsed three times with PBS before imaging with laser confocal microscopy. To investigate the effect of DOX on the nanostructure of MIA-PaCa-2, cell nuclei and the cytoskeleton were stained with DAPI

• (10 µg/mL) and FITC-Phalloidin (100 nM), respectively, for 30 min and 5 min. The cytoskeleton and cell nuclei were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. AFM measurement The slides with grown cells were transferred to the sample table. Then, culture medium was added both to the cell slide surface

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• imaging of young leaf surfaces [7][23]. By means of confocal microscopy experiments, we demonstrate that polarity in ridge development also occurs on leaves of S. calyptrata and that the surface roughness of the leaves increases as the leaves mature. Previous studies have found reduced insect adhesive

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• the exposure and laser power of the confocal microscopy images [97]. Pairs of healthy and diseased leaf photographs from different plants were collected in order to develop a deep learning model for disease detection [97][98]. Acquiring sets of images can be a complicated and prolonged task

• with low-numerical-aperture objectives to resemble those acquired using high-numerical-aperture objectives. The method was also applied to confocal microscopy images and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy [117]. The use of CNNs for improving image quality and temporal resolution

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• intracellular delivery of fluorescently labeled mRNA (≈950 kDa) into the colon of healthy C57BL/6 mice using low-frequency US (40 kHz for 0.5 s). Confocal microscopy showed that the mRNA was safely delivered into the colonic mucosa and the colon tissue of mice, in which the US-mediated delivery of the nucleic

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• ) and different DOX-loaded nanocarrier formulations for 12 h. (B) Fluorescence intensity of free DOX and different DOX-loaded nanocarrier formulations (n = 3). Student t-test was used for statistical analysis. (A) Confocal microscopy images of MCF-7 cells after treatment with free DOX (control) and

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• ]. This has prompted the investigation of SP confocal microscopy to observe SPEs from various h-BN types of materials from bulk to monolayers, however with similar unclear attributions. Despite the PL variability in h-BN, very recently, deep-level, atom-like luminescent defects in h-BN have been

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• circles), PSSAg (blue squares) and silver nanoparticles (red squares) as a function of the pH value. TGA thermograms of sulfonated PSS (dashed line) and PSSAg nanobeads (solid line). Confocal microscopy images of P. aeruginosa cells in biofilms (A) without PSSAg nanobeads and (B) incubated with 0.5 µg/mL

• PSSAg. Green cells are viable, red cells are dead. Confocal microscopy images of S. aureus cells in biofilms incubated (A) without nanocomposite, (B) with 0.5 µg/mL PSSAg. Green cells are viable, red cells are dead. MIC and MBIC values of PSSAg were obtained at least three times independently; no

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• (d, e) electron tomography of the AuNCF superstructure. D) Photographs under ambient light (top) and UV light (bottom) with varying concentrations of SnCl2 added to Au-GSH NCs. E) Confocal microscopy images of NIH3T3 cell lines incubated with AuNCFs for 1 day (a) bright-field image, (b) confocal

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• PE capsules by changing the open and closed state of the capsules. PAH/PMA microcapsules were successfully loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) at pH < 4 [70]. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the open and closed state of the capsules at pH 3 and 7

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• the breast cancer cells. Representative confocal microscopy images showed NanoOrange fluorescence inside the cells (Figure 1A). It is important to point out that the capsids are able to internalize efficiently into tumor cells without any functionalization. The cell internalization has been quantified

• possible detachment of NanoOrange from the capsids, FITC fluorophore was covalently conjugated to the capsid surface and analyzed by confocal microscopy (Figure 2 and Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1). The confocal images showed FITC fluorescence inside the cells without colocalization of the

• cytometry analysis showed a 70% virus internalization in the cells treated with both CCMV and BMV capsids (Figure 1B,C). In addition, confocal microscopy images showed that almost all the cells contained plant viruses with loaded NanoOrange or with covalently conjugated FITC (Figure 1A and Figure 2). The