Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , which were also capable of diffusion through artificial mucus. The nanoparticles were not toxic to gastric epithelial cells and can be internalized by the cells within 4 h. The adsorption of nanoparticles onto mucus-secreting gastric cells was found to be correlated with cell number. The delivery system

• polymer enables drug release by diffusion [21]. Eudragit RS30D is the 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RS100, which is promptly used as coating material [22] or within formulations of drug delivery systems with sustained release characteristics [23]. Although the mucoadhesion of this polymer is known

• diffusion [41]. Larger particles may be filtered out, which reduces the absorption of therapeutic agents from the mucosa. Specifically, for this study, obtaining nanoscale Alg nanoparticles was critical since these particles were to be coated with a second polymer, Eudragit RS100, which would lead to

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• steps, namely, condensation, nucleation, and crystallization on the substrate surface. The mobility of atoms on the substrate surface is very much affected by the substrate temperature. At low substrate temperatures, because of the low diffusion rate and low mobility of atoms, columnar microstructures

• form on the substrate surface. With the increase in substrate temperature, mobility and diffusion rate of atoms increase, which results in the evolution of grains that further recrystallize at higher substrate temperatures [28]. The observed variation in the crystallite size is due to changes in

• mobility and diffusion rate of atoms with substrate temperature. The interplanar spacing (dhkl) and lattice constant (a) were calculated for the (111) plane using Bragg’s law [29], where θ represents the Bragg angle, λ is the X-ray wavelength, d is the interplanar spacing, and a is the lattice constant for

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , one can see a faster release from the hybrid structure, which can be again explained by lower TMZ content in the tubes and higher content of surface-bound TMZ in the hybrid structure and the resulting faster diffusion in the dissolution medium. The higher content of surface-bound TMZ in the non

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• neuropathy [125][126]. Currently, ocular drug delivery is the prevalent treatment approach; however, it faces challenges due to drug degradation and obstacles in drug diffusion, rendering the therapy less effective [127][128]. Therefore, ocular drug delivery systems capable of controlled and sustained drug

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• understand the permeability and selectivity properties of membranes. Conventionally, membranes are classified into two categories, namely, organic and inorganic. Organic polymer membranes possess open and flexible structures that facilitates rapid gas diffusion, resulting in excellent permeability but low

• illustrated in Figure 1. Flat sheet membranes, composed of simple homogeneous or heterogeneous porous sheets, are widely used because of their straightforward design and ease of fabrication [80][87], allowing for compound separation through plain membrane diffusion [88]. Figure 4 illustrates the process of

• polymer matrix can help reduce plasticization effects [87][115]. Nevertheless, if rigidification is severe and localized to the polymer surrounding the MOFs, it can greatly decrease MMM permeability as CO2 molecules become restricted in their MOF diffusion [78][114][116]. In a 2004 publication by Moore et

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• , extended carrier diffusion lengths, and adjustable direct bandgaps. Also, there are well-established fabrication techniques that have positioned PSCs as a solution-processable photovoltaic technology [4]. Over the past few years, a significant improvement in the PCE of the PSCs was reported, from 3.8% in

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• instrument to evaluate the electrochemical properties [13][32]. Biological activity of nanoparticles Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs Agar well diffusion was used to measure the antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The test isolates were belonged to both classes of Gram variants, including

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• with a three-dimensional structure comprising pores and cavities of molecular dimensions. This unique structure enables them to operate as molecular sieves, allowing molecules smaller than the pore size to pass through while blocking the diffusion of larger ones. Furthermore, the physicochemical

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• Alexander Kuprava Michael Huth Physics Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.4 Abstract A fast simulation approach for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) numerically solves the diffusion–reaction equation

• precursor parameters needed for this model. In this work we introduce such a method to derive the precursor sticking coefficient as one member of the precursor parameter set. The method is based on the analysis of the different growth regimes in FEBID, in particular the diffusion-enhanced growth regime in

• the free surface sites. Such an event can be pictured as an interaction where no van der Waals “bond” is established and where the molecule leaves the surface at a time scale much shorter than the residence time τ [4]. In the continuum model, s is one of the model parameters entering the diffusion

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• deep insertion, facilitating greater lipid diffusion. In contrast, AUR does not significantly affect MSD, suggesting that its interaction primarily stabilizes the membrane without substantially altering the lateral dynamics, which is consistent with studies highlighting the role of amphipathic peptides

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method. The model allowed for the simulation of the key parameters of the HFCVD reactor. Also, a thermochemical study of the heterogeneous reaction between the

• , we focus on the simulation and analysis of key steps in a HFCVD deposition process to obtain SiOx films by means of continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations, which were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method; we also carry out a

• surface diffusion to the substrate. The main objective is to optimize the process for an HFCVD reactor and, thus, improve the quality and reproducibility of the films. Experimental The analyzed HFCVD system is a vertical reactor that can be divided into three zones. The first zone is the gas inlet, the

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• confirmed by calculations for iron particles under irradiation. Substances characterized by high vacancy migration energy, small diffusion coefficients of defects, and low temperatures of first-order phase transitions can serve as suitable candidates for radiation-induced phase transitions in nanosystems

• ) the absence of vacancies in the secondary phase, which should be released under irradiation, (ii) the consideration of vacancy diffusion coefficients as constants, rather than exponentially dependent on migration energy and temperature, and (iii) the modeling of thermodynamic parameters, such as the

• vacancies and interstitials, Kd = 57.6/d2), and Dv and Di are the diffusion coefficients for vacancies and interstitials, respectively. In the following, we suggest that defect annihilation in HDCMs is dominated by nanoparticle surface sink effects, where interstitials rapidly migrate to the surface sink

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• conversion of absorbed light into electricity [43]. The carrier diffusion length within PbS CQD solar cells aligns closely with the thickness of the CQD films. This correlation introduces a tradeoff between light absorption and charge transport. As the thickness of the CQD film increases to enhance light

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• highest value has the roughest surface among the three. These results indicate that the substrate type does have an effect on grain size and roughness of Fe3O4 thin films. Tantalum in the multilayer structure prevents the diffusion of oxygen atoms from SiO2 into MgO leading to enhanced stability of MgO

• [24][25]. Besides, there was nearly no oxygen diffusion from the Fe3O4 film into the MgO layer, resulting in higher crystallinity and improved grain size as seen in the XRD patterns. Surface properties obtained from Figure 1 are summarized in Table 1. The crystal structures of the Fe3O4 samples on

• of oxygen diffusion of the Ta buffer layer, sample 3 has the largest grain size (Table 1). These large intergranular regions can enhance the number of magnetic moments, making it harder for them to rotate when an external field is applied. Although the grain size in Fe3O4 thin films on the double

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• demonstrate favorable tumor penetration and intratumoral diffusion. Active targeting strategies, incorporating ligands for specific tumor receptor binding, serve to further enhance usNP tumor selectivity and therapeutic performance. Numerous preclinical studies have already demonstrated the potential of

• [10][11][12]. Reasons for the poor clinical performance of passive tumor targeting are the considerable heterogeneity of the EPR effect in humans, alongside the restricted diffusion of NPs across the dense tumor stroma [4][5][13][14]. Reasons for the limited performance of active targeting include its

• % ID/g, while PEG-coated AuNCs displayed even higher passive tumor uptake efficiency of ≈8% ID/g owing to their longer blood retention time [77]. Besides achieving decent tumor uptake levels in some cases, usNPs exhibit easier penetration and diffusion through the dense tumor microenvironment relative

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• based on heat transfer and to Monte Carlo or finite element simulations [17][18][19]. Open source programs that assess heat deposition and diffusion are readily available to assess damage in light–tissue interactions [18]. For electron beams, multidimensional models predicting electron beam-induced

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• astonishing device performance. We use ab initio modeling for the material prediction, while classical drift–diffusion drives the device simulations. Hybrid functionals calculate electronic and optical properties to maintain high accuracy. The structural stability has been verified using phonon spectra. The E

• performance. This is due to the decrement in the lifetime of the charge carriers because of the shorter diffusion length, which results from the higher defect densities [62]. We can observed that the performance parameters decrease significantly above defect densities of 1015 cm−3. Effect of interface defects

• the proposed solar cell, we performed a numerical simulation using SCAPS-1D, which solves the fundamental semiconductor equations such as drift–diffusion, Poisson’s equation, and continuity equations as: and where and are the electron and hole current densities at the Fermi levels EFn and EFp

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• beyond 2 µm could be the result of two processes, namely, (i) forward scattering at the deposition edge of 1 µm height, providing an extremely small but still non-zero electron flux for dissociation, and (ii) the diffusion of incompletely dissociated precursor molecules out of halo region 1, which are

• cluster by enhanced diffusion. Finally, the second halo region (H2) depicts similar particle sizes around below 20 nm sitting on top of larger bright areas of 50–250 nm. The composition of the different halo regions was studied by EDX. Because of the rich morphology observed in the deposit, no thin-film

• the primary electrons may enhance diffusion of silver and related reordering processes in the carbonaceous matrix [14]. Under our conditions, this energy input is about 0.3 eV for a silver atom and 2.6 eV for a carbon atom, which would be available for rearrangement mechanisms. The clarification of

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• [1][2][3][4][5]. In the study, we employed two methods, namely, single emulsion–evaporation and nanoprecipitation–diffusion, using F127 as a surfactant. The nanoparticles formulated by the emulsion–evaporation approach were not uniform and tended to aggregate (data not shown), while the nanoparticles

• generated by the nanoprecipitation–diffusion method were homogeneous with a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.075 ± 0.05 and a size of 198 ± 5 nm for F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 and 228 ± 4 nm for F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 (Table 1 and Figure 1A). SEM images showed that the nanoparticles have a spherical

• form with a core size of around 100 nm (Figure 1B). For this reason, the nanoprecipitation–diffusion technique was utilized to produce the particles employed in the study. Furthermore, after dispersing the nanoparticles in cell culture medium with 10% FBS, the size and PDI of the nanoparticles

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• effect at the initial stage through the release of active material directly on the surface of the nanofibers. Extended release is also possible, which is provided by diffusion through the polymeric nanofiber [35]. The burst effect creates the first effective concentration in the targeted area [87][88][89

• ][90]. In cases where the burst effect is not desired, hydrophobic polymer blends need to be used. Furthermore, either core–shell or laminated nanofibers can be produced [32][91]. The degradation of polymers, the diffusion of the active material, or both of them may affect the extended release phase

• . The polymer may degrade during or after the release of active material by diffusion. The in vivo degradation times for commonly used polymers change from days to months [52][61][92]. Different properties of the polymers lead to a wide range of degradation and drug release rates [33][93]. Since the

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• mainly propagates through grain boundaries. For samples with a small GNG, the smaller the grain size, the greater the grain boundary density and the wider the shear strain diffusion range into the material’s interior [26]. As the average grain size of the GNG sample increases, the range of shear strain

• larger, especially for samples with a cutting-edge radius of 2.0 nm. The complete mechanism, from plowing and squeezing to shearing, allows the plastic deformation range to extend beyond the front side and the bottom of the cutting tool, and significant shear strain diffusion appears even inside the

• increases with increased cutting depth, cutting-edge radius, and negative rake angle. (3) The stress is concentrated in the front of and below the cutting edge and transmitted through the grain boundaries. The shear strain diffusion area increases with the decrease in average grain size, increased cutting

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• temperature (24 °C) to minimize the precursor flux. Because of the low vapour pressure of the Pt precursor at 24 °C and the remote position of the Pt GIS nozzle, the deposition of platinum is limited by adsorption and surface diffusion of the precursor molecules [51]. A high water flux was necessary for the

• electron flux, the unavoidable concomitant deposition of hydrocarbons supplied by surface diffusion cannot be completely ruled out. From the carbon EDX map it is also interesting to observe that the C signal is more intense on the unexposed substrate than in the patterned area. Oxygen is present only in

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• melting temperature and, partly, because the appearance of moisture delays the diffusion of silver atoms. The synthesis of AgPd nanocrystals with sizes ranging from 2.46 to 6.65 nm has been reported for applications in the manufacturing of electronic components [6]. Chu et al. [7] synthesized Pd–Ag

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• the linear part of the stress–strain curve [45]. The slope of the linear function gives the Young’s modulus. Antibacterial activity The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was applied to test the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds containing different salts [46][47]. The experiment was performed

• (chitosan–silicone hybrid) fibers were made with zinc additives. They found that the scaffold had antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtillis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains [71]. Colinas et al. examined Zn-based coordination polymers in broth dilution and agar diffusion tests, and

• mg/disc), and observed 14.2 ± 1.6 mm and 8 ± 0.9 mm diffusion zones for B. subtilis and S. epidermidis, respectively. In our case, clear inhibition zones were not formed, and only diffuse zones appeared due to low salt concentration [72]. Indirect cytotoxicity of salt-containing scaffolds Our first