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Search for "dosage" in Full Text gives 81 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21
- that of pure TiO2 and Fe2O3 under visible light illumination (500 W halogen lamp and wavelengths above 400 nm) [72]. At a dosage of 0.012 g/L of α-Fe2O3@TiO2 and pH 4.76, 98.8% of an initial CFX concentration of 20.5 mg/L was effectively removed after 103 min. The heterojunction formed between TiO2 and
- after 30 min treatment at a dosage of 500 mg/L of catalyst, at pH 4.8 and an initial TC concentration of 20 mg/L [91]. The degrading effectiveness of the photocatalysts reduced as the amount of sorbitol was increased. The improved photodegradation was possible because the catalyst prevented the
Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16
- ]. Chemotherapy poses difficulties in accurately controlling drug deposition on the ocular surface and dosage, with frequent administrations often leading to complications such as retinal edema, vitreous hemorrhage, and ocular deformity [98][99]. Direct photothermal therapy (PTT) may induce irreversible thermal
- explanations of material size, structure, dosage, and administration methods [215]. During treatment, processes such as nanoparticle aggregation, material degradation, cellular uptake/excretion, and unintended release of adsorbents require comprehensive safety analysis. In inorganic photothermal nanomaterials
A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2
- , vomiting, and other serious issues [1]. ACh overproduction usually results from a malfunction of the cholinesterase enzyme caused by poisoning or medication [2][3]. Drug dosage regulation can greatly lower cholinergic toxicity [4], but the risks associated with poisoning are far higher. Poisons cause
Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125
- adverse reactions. The toxicity of MNPs depends on various factors such as size, shape, structure, surface modification, concentration, dosage, biodistribution, bioavailability, solubility, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics [23][24]. Their use in some clinical applications is limited by low solubility
Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118
Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113
- ]. These direct anatomical interactions make the olfactory region the primary target for N2B delivery and bypass the BBB [21][44]. However, some factors, such as high mucociliary clearance and short retention time, small dosage volume, and the need for a drug delivery device, limit N2B delivery (Figure 2
Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98
- targeting and rapid clearance of PSMA-targeting AuNCs offers the potential for reducing radiation dosage and minimizing exposure to healthy tissue. Chen et al. developed renal-clearable and PSMA-targeting C’ dots for dual-modality imaging of prostate cancer [130]. These particles featured a ≈4 nm silica
Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42
- disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder [13][14][15][16]. In general, solid dosage forms for oral administration are preferable for therapies against CNS disorders. Nevertheless, challenges persist with oral solid dosage forms, including issues of bioavailability and clinical efficacy [17]. On the
- , matrix, and microneedle systems [24][25][26]. In addition, enteric-coated solid dosage forms for oral administration have shown significant improvement in providing better absorption and targeted delivery [27][28]. In this study, due to high water solubility of DCS (Log P = −1.72) and difficulty to
- for enteric solid dosage coating and is used in this work for DCS enteric administration test. An amount of 5.66 g of Kollicoat MAE 30 DP was mixed with 0.34 g of propylene glycol for the enteric coating material, which was evenly brushed on the surface of the size 9 empty porcine hard gelatin
Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30
- ]. The dosage of BNZ has been reported to be inadequate [21]. In children, markedly lower plasma BNZ concentrations than those previously reported in adults treated with comparable BNZ milligram per kilogram doses (possibly due to a higher clearance/bioavailability), but still retaining a high
Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24
- anticancer drugs while mitigating the adverse effects of large dosage administration [6][7]. Additionally, it offers several advantages, such as controlled release, targeted drug delivery, and improved stability [8]. Moreover, nanoscale drug delivery systems hold great promise for specific cancer treatments
Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17
- between F127@NP and F127-folate@NP. The IC50 of CHL for MCF-7 was 0.4 μg/mL. After 72 h of incubation, the NPs had some impact on the MCF-7 cells. At a dosage of 1.5 mg/mL, the cell viability of both F127@NP and F127-folate@NP decreased to approximately 50%. These results were below PVA@NP (75%). Similar
Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2
- usually more susceptible to drug action than males. However, in this work, the death of females was only possible in a high concentration of the nanoformulation (100 µg/mL). Every dosage tested was also effective against young forms (esquistosomules) [60]. El-Menyawy et al. [61] used thymoquinone, a
- with chitosan nanoparticles may be a pharmacological strategy to replace PZQ or to help lower its dosage. However, the author admits in this work that no data proves the biological safety of using chitosan in a nanoformulation [63]. While on the subject, other extracts of vegetal sources were also
- (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous). Therefore, drug dosage forms with these characteristics may present compliance issues and problems with commercialization. Thus, an interesting pathway could be testing the same nanoformulations but using the oral route. After antimonials such as tartar emetic, oxamniquine was
Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70
- Quantum X platform that commercialized maskless grayscale lithography for microoptics made via 2PP, a process called “Two-Photon Grayscale Lithography” (2GL®) [59][60]. 2GL® differs from traditional 2PP and 1PP lithography because the laser or exposure dosage in individual voxels is controlled in three
- produce tens of millions of Nanopatches per week for COVID-19 vaccination [64][65]. If companies were to personalize and optimize microneedles (including design, dosage, and vaccine composition) for COVID-19 or influenza vaccination based on ethnicities [66], those manufacturers would have to produce
ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47
- that crystalline ZnO particles adhere to the surface of amorphous carbon, and the ZnO content increases as a function of a dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. The as-prepared SiC@C-ZnO hybrids exhibit effective electromagnetic absorption, which is related to a synergy effect of different dielectric loss processes
- , which has been rarely investigated before. Herein, we describe a new strategy for preparing ternary hybrids (SiC@C-ZnO, SCZ) by growing ZnO particles on carbon surfaces derived from SiC nanowires. The influence of ZnO precursor (ZnNO3·6H2O) dosage on composition, microstructure and electromagnetic
- after filtering, washed with distilled water, and dried at 50 °C under vacuum. The final samples were obtained by calcination at 600 °C for 4 h in a tube furnace (Ar, 99.999% purity). We labeled the samples as SCZx, where x indicates x mmol dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. Results and Discussion All SCZ samples
The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30
- field of nonviral gene delivery. Keywords: characterization; dosage; gene delivery; uptake; transfection; Introduction Recent efforts to develop and translate therapeutically loaded nanoparticles (NPs) have resulted in several advances in the treatment and prevention of disease. Key areas where NP
- methods, de facto makes a direct comparison between studies impossible. In addition, the area of nanomedicine is plagued by the tendency of researchers to use various (often arbitrarily defined) reference materials, different techniques for dosage selection and determination, and assess outcomes and
- imaging data to provide a full understanding of the mode of action in NP uptake studies. Determination of In-Particle Plasmid Dosage There are a variety of approaches for the evaluation of dose in the context of small-molecule therapeutics encapsulated in NP delivery systems [52][53][54]. However, many of
Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26
- pH value of the effluent, the dosage of the photocatalyst, the initial concentration of the target pollutant, the dosage of oxidants, and the type of light source. To lower the overall cost of water treatment, the photocatalyst must be effective under all types of light, including direct sunlight, UV
- degradation processes are significantly influenced by the amount of photocatalyst added to the effluent solution before treatment. In general, as the dosage of the photocatalyst is increased, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency rises as well, until an optimum point is reached where adding more
- dispersion into the solution. An increase in the concentration of pollutant molecules adsorbed on the catalyst surface while the catalyst dosage is unchanged and the generation of reactive species is constant could be another factor causing the decrease in photocatalytic degradation rate with increasing
Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24
- of biomimetic nanomedicine for diagnosis and treatment, various modalities based on cancer cell membranes are emerging. Using immune evasion and homotypic targeting of cancer cell membranes, the drug dosage can be effectively reduced by avoiding elimination by the immune system while achieving higher
Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23
- therapeutic concentrations at the tumor site, preferentially in the tumor cell, is essential for the efficacy of the therapy. Adequate concentrations might not be achieved with conventional dosage forms mainly due to the poor localization of the free drug molecules at the site of action and the differences in
Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21
- ][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. By delivering drugs selectively to disease sites, the drug dosage can be reduced, and undesired side-effects are minimized. Undoubtedly, these methodologies are essential for further progresses in medicine. In order to accomplish eminent DDS, drugs should be combined
In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124
- (Figure 9) clearly shows that the morphological changes depend on the synthesis temperature and dosage of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles. The data show that the formation of apoptotic bodies (arrows) and the growth of cellular regions (black circles) are integral and characteristic of apoptosis. At high
Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118
- irradiation, AB-LNPs exhibited synergistic photothermal effects with significantly reduced dosage compared to monotherapy (treatments with Au-LNPs or free BODIPY alone). This study thus provides a facile and adaptive strategy for the development of a scalable and safe high-performance nanoplatform for
- . In this work, AB-LNPs showed excellent photothermal therapeutic effects compared to monotherapy using only free BDP or Au-LNPs (Figure 5), demonstrating good synergistic PTT by combining Au-LNPs and BDP. The synergized PTT could reduce the dosage of AB-LNPs and decrease the toxicity of carrier
Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98
- vascular endothelium with tight junctions hampering the permeation of active ingredients to the intraocular area. When designing non-invasive ophthalmic drug dosage forms, the main aim is to improve the bioavailability by increasing the diffusion across sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva [42]. In the case of
- microneedle patches, their manufacturing techniques, and the obtained therapeutic efficacy. In addition to a number of advantages, the questionable aspects related to this dosage form are also discussed. 2 Types of microneedle: materials, fabrication and properties for drug delivery 2.1 Microneedle system
- left to dry afterwards. The drying procedure can be accelerated with the aid of gas-jet drying. Another technique involves spray coating, which is technologically similar to the coating of oral solid dosage forms. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA), in which electrically charged droplets are
Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96
- the dosage of catalysts was 0.2 g for all experiments. Before each catalytic experiment, 0.2 g of the sample was dispersed in 10 mL of DI water, evaporated at 80 °C, and placed in the dark to achieve adsorption–desorption equilibrium. Finally, the sample was illuminated by a Xenon lamp (300 W) for 30
Solar-light-driven LaFexNi1−xO3 perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79
- , such as pH value, catalyst dosage, and the additional amount of H2O2. LaFe0.7Ni0.3O3 perovskite oxides could operate efficiently under pH 3.5, catalyst dosage of 50 mg/150 mL, and H2O2 concentration of 133 ppm to decompose the MB dye in the 1st order kinetic rate constant of 0.0506 s−1. Keywords
- availability of light energy was reduced, resulting in a reduction of the photocatalytic degradation capability [30]. Accordingly, the degradation performance was calculated by the 1st order kinetics, as shown in Figure 11b. It could be known that when the catalyst dosage was 30 mg (200 ppm), 50 mg (333 ppm
- ), 80 mg (533 ppm), and 100 mg (666 ppm), their reaction rate constants k were 0.007, 0.0242, 0.0314, and 0.0506, respectively. Therefore, the pH of the solution was 3.5, and the catalyst dosage was 50 mg for the following examination. Moreover, the amount of hydrogen peroxide added was manipulated in
Hierarchical Bi2WO6/TiO2-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66
- nanocomposites deliver higher Kapp values and larger increments as compared to pure TiO2 under more rigorous conditions of visible-light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation and lower dosage of photocatalyst toward the reduction of Cr(VI) or degradation of RhB. The excellent photocatalytic activities of hierarchical Bi2WO6
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