A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• Cristina Parisi Loredana Ferreri Tassia J. Martins Francesca Laneri Samantha Sollima Antonina Azzolina Antonella Cusimano Nicola D'Antona Grazia M. L. Consoli Salvatore Sortino Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare

• poorly active unconventional photoactivatable drug molecules [12][13][14] as well as efficient cages to inhibit undesired photodegradation of photosensitive conventional drugs [15]. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most extensively studied molecules in the fascinating realm of biomedical sciences. This

• in diameter with a polydispersity index (PI) of ca. 0.4 (inset Figure 1A). This means the sample has a moderate range of particle sizes, however suitable for drug delivery applications. Figure 1B shows the fluorescence emission spectra of a water solution of 1. Similar to the absorption, the spectrum

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• structures especially under external sonication and mechanical stimuli. Reversible self-assembly of graphene-based nanosheets in water is essential to many applications, such as adsorption, photocatalysis, biosensing, drug delivery, aqueous paints, and multifunctional coatings [48][49][50]. Figure 6c

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• size of the drug for easier swallowing. Simultaneously, all these compounds due to the iron content should exhibit magnetic properties that may potentially turn out to be interesting. Moreover, since all iron deficiency agents are commercial products and are mass produced, their properties can be

• deficiency drugs based on iron sucrose that differ from Venofer® in their manufacturing process, which translates into different final forms of the drug [17][18]. One of them is the diet supplement called Ferisan (Solinea Company, Poland), which is distinguished from Venofer®, in the pill form. Ferisan is a

• ], while peaks I with lower binding energies are most probably related to different numbers of oxygen atoms bound to Si atoms (most likely only two) [96][98]. The correlation of peaks I to SiO should be excluded as the binding energy of the bulk Si line is lower than 100 eV [95]. According to the drug

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• Demian van Straten Luuk van de Schepop Rowan Frunt Pieter Vader Raymond M. Schiffelers CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.16.57 Abstract Nanoparticles play a crucial role in drug delivery research. The protein corona that develops on the

• protein corona formation in vitro and prevent bias in LNP development. Keywords: apolipoprotein E; fetal calf serum; heat inactivation; lipid nanoparticle; protein corona; Introduction Nanotechnology has gained a strong foothold in the field of drug delivery, having significant promise to overcome the

• internalization of RNA molecules by target cells [23]. Several LNP encapsulated RNA-based therapeutics have achieved approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [24], including patisiran/Onpattro for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Onpattro LNPs are administered

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• adsorbents from sustainable, cellulose-based materials derived from agricultural waste. Experimental Materials Tetracycline hydrochloride (97.2%), oxytetracycline dihydrate (98%), and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (94.6%), all sourced from the Institute of Drug Quality Control, Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• viability even at high curcumin concentrations. Keywords: antioxidant; cannabidiol; curcumin; drug; food additive; low degradation; nanoparticle; pulsed laser ablation in liquids; solubilization; Introduction Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) has become increasingly popular over the last

• extraction methods, exemplified by extraction from coffee powders [10] and alkaloid drug extraction from ground root powder [11]. Initially, LSPC research focused on inorganic materials such as metals [12][13], semiconductors [1], and oxides [14][15], where the particle formation mechanisms are well

• ]. The LFL of lipophilic drugs is of particular interest in improving their dissolution properties and oral absorption. Better dissolution properties and dissolution rates lead to a higher saturation limit, which allows one to reduce the required amount of the drug [38]. However, for sensitive active

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• of variation represents a quantitative methodology for evaluating nuclear DNA signal heterogeneity. This analytical approach has demonstrated utility in measuring alterations in DNA compaction following drug treatments or genetic modifications that influence chromatin architecture [43]. PDL cells

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• antidyslipidemic properties in vivo [4][5][6]. EOs are volatile components that are sensitive to temperature, light, oxygen, and humidity [7]. Therefore, it is recommended to use them in drug delivery systems, such as nanostructured systems, which are able to guarantee stability and a better therapeutic effect

• exposed to different shear forces [22][23]. The parameters of rheological properties are essential in the classification and characterization of semisolids and fluids, and in the greater understanding of drug release from pharmaceutical forms [22]. Thus, the rheological behavior of M7-EOCF at two

• of MEs is advantageous when taken orally as it facilitates oral application and dose adjustment; it also improves absorption and bioavailability. Additionally, MEs can be administered to humans as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) delivered in soft gelatin capsules as they are low

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• the development of implants, medical devices, and drug delivery systems that solve challenging issues from health to medicine [5]. Because of innovations in tissue engineering, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology, scientists can now see into the innermost functions of living organisms with a level

• ]. Nanofibers are considered promising materials because of their size and structure, making them suitable for drug delivery, tissue engineering, tissue scaffolding, and other biomedical applications [12]. They exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties that distinguish them from macroscale structures

• , SF, cellulose, and collagen, along with their composites and derivatives can be electrospun [58]. Electrospinning has emerged as a versatile technique investigated across various fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, filtration, wound dressings, self-cleaning surfaces, biotechnology

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• combustion mode where the fuel and oxidizer are thoroughly mixed before ignition. LPG is a cheap industrial material used as a carbon source to produce carbon nanomaterials [6]. The application of CNFs includes, but is not limited to, energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, electronics, drug

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• amyloid oligomers has garnered significant attention over time, primarily because of three key observations related to drug candidates for AD therapy. These observations are (i) ineffectiveness of plaque-targeting therapies, that is, therapeutic agents that focus solely on the removal of amyloid plaques

• or amyloid fibrils have not demonstrated substantial improvements in patients’ cognitive behaviors; (ii) efficacy of oligomer-targeting drugs, that is, drug candidates that specifically target amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) have shown greater clinical effectiveness in treating AD patients; and (iii

• early detection and the identification of reliable biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant obstacle to effective drug delivery, further hindering the development of successful treatments. Nanomaterials (NMs) offer promising solutions for the early

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• including electrode materials [1], conductive pastes [2][3], catalysts [4][5], sensors [6][7][8], and drug delivery systems [9]. The chemical reduction [10] and the solvothermal methods [11][12] are well known for synthesizing nanoparticles in large quantities at low cost, but these methods require the use

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• latter ssASO drug contains 2′-O-2-methoxyethyl modifications, which allow for the inclusion of exon 7 in the gene SMN2. This promotes the production of SMN protein, ameliorating the symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy [40]. ASO-based therapeutics have demonstrated great potential in the expansion of

• patient-personalised therapies [41][42]. In 2019, Kim et al. pioneered the development of milasen, a ssASO drug tailored to a single patient affected by a rare form of Batten’s disease, and its clinical efficiency was successfully proven [43]. Despite significant progress in the discovery of novel

• in ASO-based therapies. Some promising strategies to overcome these limitations involve the conjugation of ASOs with peptides [53], polymers [54], aptamers [55], and antibodies [56], as well as the development of novel drug delivery systems [57][58]. This review discusses the challenges associated

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• size can cause cellular damage or prevent membrane permeation for drug delivery [10]. Therefore, a fine and reproducible size control during NP synthesis is essential. Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) allows for the synthesis of colloidal NPs offering numerous advantages, such as being

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• been designated as a generally recognized safe (GRAS) ingredient for food applications by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), as stipulated in 21 CFR 172.822. This anionic surfactant serves dual functions in food processing: as an emulsifying agent and a whipping aid [13]. The

• manipulation of particles with a size less than 100 nm. These tiny particles possess unique physicochemical features, including optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties [23]. Indeed, the advanced properties of nanoparticles enables them to be used in different areas, such as biosensing, drug

• nanoparticles is a step ahead of the reported studies. Polymer nanoparticles prepared from PEG–PCL are widely used for drug delivery, tumour targeting, and imaging [28]. To our knowledge, there is no report regarding using PEG–PCL nanoparticles (PEG–PCL NPs) as a contaminant detection system. Accordingly, we

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• mucoadhesive drug delivery system that was developed to fulfill these requirements. Alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil emulsification followed by external gelation and then coated with the mucoadhesive polymer Eudragit RS100. The formulated nanoparticles had a mean size of 219 nm and

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• developed in this study is intended to be loaded with active therapeutic agents and has the potential to be used as an alternative drug delivery strategy for the treatment of gastric related diseases. Keywords: alginate; Eudragit RS100; mucoadhesive nanoparticles; mucus; smart drug delivery; Introduction

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• capabilities of cancer cells. The results indicate that the interplay between DDR and autophagy pathways may open new paradigms for developing effective combinatorial nanoscale drug systems against multidrug-resistance cancers. Keywords: A549 cells; autophagy; chloroquine; DNA damage; graphene oxide

• ; nanoconjugates; SQSTM1/p62; Introduction Despite of advances in basic and clinical research, an increased mortality rate is seen worldwide in cancer-associated deaths [1]. The heterogeneous and complex tumor microenvironment along with intrinsic and/or acquired drug resistance mechanisms, such as increased drug

• efflux, DNA damage repair, and activation of pro-survival cell signaling cascades, alterations in drug target moieties limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatments [2][3]. In general, chemotherapeutic drugs inhibit the cancer progression and metastases by directly or indirectly targeting DNA of

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• plaque formation associated with caries damage. Therefore, one of the initial steps in preventing dental caries is to reduce and inhibit the activity of S. mutans in the oral cavity [8]. Tooth decay and oral infections are typically controlled with antibiotics. However, the proliferation of drug

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• loaded with ampicillin sodium for burst drug release, and glutaraldehyde was applied as chemical cross-link to the nanofibers [139]. This treatment produced fine morphology and enhanced mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus improved from 36.5 to 198.1 MPa, and the tensile strength increased from 2.2

• efficient sustained release. These nanofibers also exhibit better stability, which are vital properties in drug delivery systems [183][184]. These superior properties have gained recent attention for enhancing the functional performance of chitosan-based nanofibers. Core–shell chitosan nanofibers have been

• utilized in various specialized applications, such as scaffolds in tissue engineering [185], controlling drug release mechanisms through the manipulation of core and shell compositions [186], and protecting sensitive biomolecules in food packaging [187]. The combination of core–shell chitosan-based

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , temozolomide (TMZ), a drug used for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), was incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a MWCNTs–graphene (MWCNTs-G) hybrid compound, covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and folic acid (FA), with an

• aim to prepare nanocarriers with the potential to prolong the drug circulation time, cross the blood–brain–tumor barrier (BBTB), and provide targeted and controlled drug release in the brain tumor cells. Cytotoxicity and effects on cell membrane integrity of the blank and TMZ-loaded dual

• changes in the structure of the CNs and TMZ after irradiation were observed. With single and dual functionalization, formulations with relatively high TMZ loading efficiency and drug content were prepared. They exhibited homogeneous particle size distributions and mean particle sizes and surface charges

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• ]. nHA serves as a versatile agent in drug delivery [17], acts as a carrier for genes and proteins [18], and aids in immobilizing rhizobacteria for effective heavy metal removal [19]. In addition to its carrier capabilities, nHA exhibits exceptional attributes such as high biodegradability

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• boundaries of thermal therapy, achieving unparalleled therapeutic effects through their diverse composite structures and demonstrating enormous potential in promoting retinal drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the structure–activity relationship between

• clinical adoption of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and laser therapy [3][4]. Despite these strides, challenges remain in effectively addressing complex ophthalmic issues, particularly in underprivileged areas where high costs associated with precision optical diagnostics and advanced drug

• (Figure 1). In addition, the application progress of photothermal nanomaterials in promoting retinal drug delivery and enhancing photoacoustic imaging was also discussed. Finally, we address the current challenges and prospects in ophthalmic treatment technologies based on photothermal nanomaterials, with

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• interdisciplinary research to find, produce, and test drug candidates until they can reach the market [1][2]. Cancer chemotherapy, for instance, is a type of treatment that deserves improvements not only in the efficacy of the drugs employed to kill tumor cells, but also in reducing the occurrence of the well-known

• side effects related to these therapies. Actually, both aspects depend on the development of new drugs and/or drug carriers that can improve the selectivity of these anticancer agents to reach their specific targets inside tumor cells [3][4][5]. Although commonly used in a number of technological

• , depending on the concentration used, two of the rare earths (erbium and neodymium) tested also present the ability to compact/condense DNA, which opens the door for other types of applications such as gene therapies and the design of drug carriers themselves. To achieve such results, we performed single

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• .16.10 Abstract In the coming decades, the development of nanocarriers (NCs) for targeted drug delivery will mark a significant advance in the field of pharmacology. NCs can improve drug solubility, ensure precise distribution, and enable passage across biological barriers. Despite these potential

• delve into the intriguing potential of nanomedicine in neurology and traumatology, associated with macrophage interaction, and the exciting possibilities it holds for the future. Keywords: drug delivery; macrophages; nanomedicine; polarization; RNA-based therapies; Review 1 Introduction In the vast

• nanomedicine landscape, the design and development of nanocarriers (NCs) for precise drug delivery are a pivotal innovation. NCs address significant pharmacological challenges, such as enhancing drug solubility, ensuring specific distribution, and facilitating the crossing of biological barriers [1]. Tailoring