Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• enhance water transport efficiency during growth seasons, enabling the trees to support rapid growth. Conversely, narrower lumina in latewood provide superior mechanical support during periods of reduced growth, ensuring structural stability. However, across the five species studied here, the hardwood

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• facilitate charge transfer between the metal and the support, enhancing the activation of molecular oxygen and promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathway. This synergistic interaction should not only improve the intrinsic catalytic activity but also allow the catalyst to achieve high efficiency

• , which have an impact on the dispersion of metal nanoparticles and the overall efficiency of the catalytic process, the presence and distribution of functional groups is also a crucial factor in the choice of the carbon support. Several studies have demonstrated that the amount of surface oxygen

• that promote strong metal–support interaction, ensuring excellent nanoparticle dispersion and catalyst stability. Catalytic test of the carbon-supported AuNPs To evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized AuNP–carbon composites, we selected the relevant oxidative dehydrogenation of N-methyl-, N-ethyl

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• characteristics under illumination at 444 nm, while the thermally treated sample shows better absorption efficiency under illumination at 532 nm. Birefringence (∆n) before and after thermal treatment For the measurement of ∆n at 444 and 532 nm, we prepared different samples with the thicknesses in the range of

• with enhanced efficiency or expanded surface coverage. Density functional theory modeling PAZO is a polymer with azobenzene units incorporated as pendant groups attached to the main polymer backbone (Figure 6A). The core of PAZO polymer side chains is the azobenzene fragment (Ar–N=N–Ar), which can

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• efficiency. From advanced drug delivery systems to clean energy solutions, the applications of nanotechnology are diverse and transformative. However, these innovations are accompanied by complex challenges regarding safety and sustainability for both the nanoscale materials themselves and for the products

• macroscopic properties such as catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, or environmental persistence. This synergy not only speeds up the discovery process but also allows for continuous refinement of computational models as new data emerge from iterative experimental validation. Moreover, inverse design

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapeutic value. It also explores existing challenges and prospects to advance their translation into clinical cancer treatments. 2 Concept of charge-reversible nanocarriers Surface charge plays a vital role in the efficiency and functionality of nanocarriers used for drug delivery [13]. Among various

• enhances cellular uptake by facilitating better interaction with the negatively charged cell membrane, improving drug delivery efficiency [45]. For example, nanoparticles engineered with pH-responsive polymers facilitate the controlled release of therapeutic agents specifically within the acidic tumour

• bonds and functional groups that enable charge reversal, a strategy that significantly improves cellular interaction and drug delivery efficiency in tumour environments. Additionally, it should be noted that, unlike pH-responsive charge reversal, which is reversible due to protonation and deprotonation

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

• endothelial monolayer integrity and permeability of hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y in order to accurately simulate NLs uptake across the BBB and to obtain accurate representation of neuronal uptake mechanisms [14]. Other factors playing a key role in maximization of the uptake efficiency and prevention of saturation or

• nanovesicles with diameter >200 nm, and also, have better encapsulation efficiency than liposomes <100 nm [20]. On the other hand, in the study of Nowak et al. [21] it was confirmed that spherical particles around 120 nm associate with the endothelium approximately 30‐fold more than 200 nm particles, which is

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• control line CL and carries the same control current in the opposite direction. This allows for localization of the circulating currents between CL and CL*, diminishing their effect on other elements. However, this method could not be tested in the present work due to the high efficiency of the previous

• with varying ahb at a fixed ah = 2 μm. Simulations were performed on an Intel Core(TM) i9-13900KF with 128 GB RAM and 24 cores (16 efficiency cores and 8 performance cores). When OpenMP multithreading is used, the computation time depends on the number of threads nthr approximately with inverse square

• further improvement. By now, an increase in sensitivity to the input signal and in efficiency of the output flux transfer, as well as a suppression of parasitic coupling, seems to be the most promising strategy. The potential of 3D-MLSI software demonstrated in this work will be useful in this process

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• polydispersity index (PDI) (0.100 ± 0.022), small size (103.43 ± 1.31 nm), and slightly negative zeta potential (−12.23 ± 0.35 mV). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was 94 ± 2.4% for R-PE and 42 ± 2.8% for 5-FU. Regarding the stability study, the liposomes maintained vesicle size, PDI and zeta potential values

• ± 1.81 nm), negative zeta potential (−14.8 ± 0.81 mV) and antibody conjugation efficiency of 34.4%. Topographical AFM analysis showed that HSPC-IM-R-PE presented significantly higher surface roughness and viscoelastic contrast, indicating successful antibody anchoring. For cell viability in the HCT-116

• = 3) were expressed as mean ± standard deviation [20]. 2.3.2 Encapsulation efficiency To determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 5-FU, an indirect method was employed using ultrafiltration technique and quantification by spectrophotometry. To quantify the free/purified drug, a 1000 μL aliquot

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• characterization, particularly micro-FTIR coupled with principal component analysis (PCAn), confirmed the efficiency of the gel and spatially controlled cleaning action. The authors believed that this approach reduces the need for separate treatments and harsh chemicals traditionally used in metal conservation

• presented a multifunctional thermal insulation coating incorporating modified vacuum ceramic microbeads (VCMs) to enhance energy efficiency and protection of concrete structures. The VCMs were modified through the polymerization of catechol and hexamethylene diamine, forming a thin poly(catecholamine) (PCA

• degradation, assessing the coatings’ efficiency in UV protection. B72 exhibited significant photodegradation, with an increase in carbonyl index, indicating the formation of oxidation products via chain scission and radical reactions, while AMF showed a decrease in carbonyl index, suggesting crosslinking and

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• assembly, the cycling (between 0.01 and 3.20 V) involved steps of the following current rates: 5 × 10 mA/g, 5 × 30 mA/g, 5 × 50 mA/g, 5 × 100 mA/g, and 5 × 10 mA/g. Coulombic efficiency, defined as the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity, within each cycle was calculated [41]. Results and

• (with the current density set back to 10 mA/g), the discharge capacities reached 300, 223, 235, and 272 mAh/g for samples M300, T400, T600, and T800, respectively. The Coulombic efficiency plots in Figure 8e prove that a higher thermal reduction temperature results in a reduced spread of these

• parameters’ values. It is also worth mentioning that the coulombic efficiency for the T800 sample demonstrated lower variability after current density changes. The galvanostatic charge–discharge test results (i.e., charge curves and differential analysis) of sample T800 are presented in Figure 9. One needs

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• quasiclassical formalism of the Usadel equations, we demonstrate that the sign of the diode efficiency can be controlled by magnetization tuning of a single superconducting island. Moreover, we show that the diode efficiency can be substantially increased in such a device. We argue that the dramatic increase of

• the diode efficiency is due to competing contributions of the two superconducting islands to the supercurrent with single helical bands linked through the topological insulator surface. Keywords: hybrid structures; proximity effect; superconducting diode effect; superconductivity; topological

• mesoscopic diode devices, it is reasonable to expect some presence of nonmagnetic impurities in the structures. However, it has been shown previously that the diode efficiency is expected to be low in diffusive TI-based systems [37][50]. Another disadvantage of the TI diffusive diodes is their limited

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• 62209, México Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-360, México City 04510, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.159 Abstract Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are well-known for their high efficiency, photostability, near-infrared excitation, and ability to

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• terahertz range up to 2 mW and efficiency of approx. 5% [12]. However, these devices can be fabricated only in few laboratories around the world (e.g., JPL NASA) and may not be accessible in some countries. The other approach was suggested in previous works [13][14] where the LO based on the FFO is

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• , we report on the synthesis of polyhedral core–shell SPIONs. Their size was tuned to improve their magnetic properties. Furthermore, by hybridizing into a core–shell inorganic/inorganic structure, the nanoparticles can achieve significantly improved magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency (at

• , biocompatible ferrite nanoparticles and are higher than those reported in previous studies involving similar core–shell systems [16]. The corresponding heating curves (Figure 6b) show temperature increases of 6.5 and 9.6 °C after 60 s, confirming the efficiency of these nanoparticles for hyperthermia

• to note, however, that magnetic anisotropy alone does not guarantee enhanced heating efficiency. As highlighted by Dirba et al., there exists an optimal range of magnetic anisotropy for effective energy dissipation in alternating magnetic fields [22]. Excessively high anisotropy may hinder relaxation

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• for adults in the European Union is 4.0 µg [32][33]. The bioavailability of VB12 in food sources for healthy adults with typical absorption efficiency is roughly estimated to be 50%. In contrast, crystalline VB12 incorporated into supplements and fortified foods shows an absorption rate ranging from

• efficiency, and ease of implementation [22]. Moreover, Lok et al. assessed VB12 doses in a continuous-flow lab-on-a-chip system based on luminol-peroxide CL tests to monitor Co2+ in the molecular structure of VB12 [24], where the released Co2+ acted as the recognition target, luminol as the indicator

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• original single-ring structure, larger absorption efficiency at the first peak can be achieved (Figure 4, red line), but the working bandwidth will be narrower than for the structure with smaller rings. Thus, by selecting the overall structure size, a compromise can be found between the maximum absorption

• efficiency and the widest receiving bandwidth. It is important to note that the choice of the number of receiving antennas should be in a proper balance. Although a larger array can better fill the Airy spot, it also increases the total number of bolometers. This, in turn, increases the differential

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• branches of science and engineering. Importantly, all of these studies are directly related to the creation of nanomaterials aimed at delivering much higher efficiency for specific applications compared to their conventional counterparts. In this way, progress in nanomaterial research has seen a remarkable

• the form of publications and patents, but when it comes to translating that research into real-world products, they often withdraw support. This is not necessarily due to a lack of interest in innovation and efficiency, but rather because they are reluctant to engage in the rigorous and often

• , and manufacturing tools. Of course, the goal such tech companies are to continue to profit from legacy systems, especially since most of their competitors are not yet adopting nanomaterials, although these could offer considerably better performance, sustainability, longevity, and efficiency. The

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• methods are easy to implement and scalable but lack efficiency in open, natural environments such as Himalayan lakes and often require energy-consuming setups [43]. Research also indicates that sophisticated filtering systems, including granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, effectively capture small

• environmental factors like pH, temperature, and the availability of nutrients [50]. There has been promising development within the field of genetic engineering in relation to the creation of microbial consortiums optimized for high-efficiency degradation [46]. As reported by Rizvi et al., some fungi, such as

• them are new electrochemical technologies, membrane separation technologies, microbial technologies, and AOPs. The efficiency, mechanism, strengths, weaknesses, and applications of each technology are utilized to assess each technology. These technologies are indicative of the multidimensional

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• biological models. Determining the appropriate dosage is another crucial factor as therapeutic performance is influenced by drug loading capacity, drug release kinetics, and loading efficiency. Careful optimisation of these parameters is required to achieve effective drug delivery while minimising harm to

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• while avoiding unnecessary computational cost. We note that the substrate model is an idealized approximation chosen for consistency with our prior work [10][12] and computational efficiency. Modeling biologically realistic interfaces will require extending the present model to include stratification

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• learn about the factors determining efficiency in chiral chromatography. Obviously, a selectivity factor of more than 1.5 combined with a fraction of molecular species interacting with the surfaces of the stationary phase of the order of 20% is sufficient to reach satisfactory separation results

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• –shell nanofibers can enhance the system in various scenarios (e.g., improving formulation stability, increasing the encapsulation efficiency, and tailoring the controlled release of therapeutically active molecules [39][40]). This approach has demonstrated promising results, especially for topical drug

• specific interactions is essential for precise modulation of encapsulation efficiency, ensuring system stability and achieving tailored kinetic release. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to thoroughly investigate lipid–polymer interactions within coaxially electrospun PLA nanofibers

• surface distribution may compromise encapsulation efficiency and alter release kinetics [76]. Surface hydrophilicity The hydrophilicity of the membranes was evaluated through contact angle measurements. Figure 10 shows photographs of a water droplet in contact with the surface of the samples: (a

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• film composition, metal oxidation states, or actual deposition efficiency. Results are also sensitive to sample purity and ionization conditions, and the method does not replicate the real gas-phase or ion-beam environments encountered in FIBID [27]. One has to mention that testing new metal-organic

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• thermodynamic temperature of Jupiter at 100 GHz is 172.6 K; the angular diameter of Jupiter is 41.68 arcsec; the BTA main mirror diameter is 6 m, and the aperture efficiency of 0.8 gives an effective area of Aeff = 22.6 m2. The solid angle occupied by Jupiter is of the order of Ω = 3.20 × 10−8 sr. The spectral