Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10.3762/bjnano.16.22 Abstract This review examines strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, recognized for their biomedical and

• directions are proposed to overcome these obstacles and further enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers, guiding their development for practical applications. Keywords: biomaterials; chitosan; electrospun nanofiber; mechanical properties; polyvinyl alcohol; Introduction In

• sensitive compounds [3]. Electrospun nanofibers exhibit a large surface area, high porosity, and small pore size, making them useful for a wide range of applications, as shown in Figure 1. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers have many applications, including water treatment, biomedical

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• regeneration and give an insight about bone regeneration, production techniques of the electrospun nanofibers, and varying formulation parameters in order to reach different drug delivery goals. This review also provides an extensive market research of electrospun nanofibers and an overview on scientific

• high, water may accumulate on the fiber surfaces, and if the humidity is too low, the solvent may evaporate too quickly [73][82]. Also, relative humidity makes nanofibers thicker or thinner depending on the chemical structure of the polymer [82]. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers The rate and

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• -based drug delivery systems for specific applications. Result and Discussion Morphology of PLA and BBR-loaded PLA nanofiber scaffolds In order to evaluate the distribution of BBR compositions in the electrospun PLA nanofibers, the morphology of BBR powder, BBR NPs, and electrospun nanofibers was

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• Dong Wei Chengwei Ye Adnan Ahmed Lan Xu College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China 10.3762/bjnano.14.15 Abstract With the increasing application of electrospun nanofibers, the batch preparation of high-performance functional nanofibers containing nanoparticles

• not been solved [4]. Needle-free electrospinning devices fundamentally solve the needle blockage problem and can prepare micro/nanofibers more effectively [5]. With the expanding application field of electrospun nanofibers and the change of human needs, various functional nanofibers have emerged as

• with the analysis result in Figure 2a–d. In addition, the morphology and corresponding diameter distribution of nanofibers produced at different applied voltages with the optimal air flow rate of 50 m3/h were investigated. As shown in Figure 4a, when the spinning voltage was 40 kV, the electrospun

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• rough surface does not necessarily entail a reduced peel-off force in case of cylindrical, thin nanofibers. Thus, one can conclude that the adhesion of electrospun nanofibers cannot be readily attributed to a simple roughness parameter, such as Ra. Rather, the correct aspect ratio of the sinusoidal

• too low. Scanning electron micrograph of electrospun nanofibers. One can see the random orientation of the individual fibers forming a kind of mesh. Peel-off force measurement of polished (a) and LIPSS-covered (b) steel samples. The applied weights and hence the normal forces are equal in panels (a

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• fabrication of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. The 2 cm × 2 cm PLGA electrospun nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning which incorporated those with hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogels. The polycaprolactone scaffold was 3D printed and reinforced with hydrogel scaffolds to mimic the

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• ]. Electrospun nanofibers are widely used in various fields from industry to biomedicine because of their excellent characteristics. Electrospun nanofibers have been used in medicine as wound dressings [103], medical textile compounds [104], drug delivery systems [105], and in regenerative medicine and TE as

• scaffolds to regenerate different tissues and organs. The surface of electrospun nanofibers, which are excellent biomaterials to fabricate TE scaffolds capable of forming ECM mimicking structures can be physicochemically modified to meet the biocompatibility requirements of nanofiber biomaterials. For

• molecules such as growth factors. Thus, the sustained release of bioactive molecules from scaffolds will be achieved. Electrospun nanofibers can be synthesized from either natural or synthetic polymers and used for lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs. Multi-lineage differentiation of MSCs in a

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• will make fundamental contributions to the investigation of electrospun PLA and composite (PLA/PLGA and PLA/PCL) nanofibers. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterization of ampicillin trihydrate-loaded electrospun nanofibers PLA and PLA/PLGA nanofibers prepared in this study, plus the

• /PLGA nanofibers was investigated by using the static method. The in vitro drug release of PLA electrospun nanofibers produced by varying the amount of ampicillin trihydrate is shown in Figure 3. By increasing the amount of drug used in formulations, the burst effect was increased. Cumulative drug

• that the optimum concentration of ampicillin trihydrate in PLA nanofibers was 8% for a controlled drug release. In vitro drug release of PLA/PLGA electrospun nanofibers produced by different ratios of PLA/PLGA are shown in Figure 4. PLA/PLGA nanofibers had a lower burst effect and slower drug release

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• [28], wound dressings [29], sound adsorption [30], cosmetics [31], and sensor devices [32][33][34]. In filtration processes, electrospun nanofibers can be employed for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the atmosphere. To protect people from bacteria, viruses, smog, and dust, nanofibers

• electrospinning. A conventional electrospinning process was used to create the piezoelectric electrospun nanofibers. The polymeric solution was pumped from a metallic syringe needle of 0.4 mm inner diameter at a flow rate of 3.5 mL/h. The fibers were collected on a stationary collector placed at a working

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• regulation of parameters has made the electrospun nanofibers find its applications in various areas such as the health sector, food, energy and textile industries, and environmental remediation. Electrospun nanohybrids (ENHs) produced by immobilization of function-specific nanoparticles or mixtures of

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• other methods in that it is simple, highly reliable, and not expensive. Due to the fact that the electrospinning solution can be easily modified, electrospun nanofibers, with different structures and properties, can be prepared by dissolving and mixing different substances [11][12]. Electrospun

• nanofibers have been widely used as a material to synthesize electrodes upon a carbonization step [13][14]. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is often used as a precursor to synthesize carbon nanofibers. It can be obtained from a variety of sources and it has good spinnability [14][15]. However, carbon-based materials

• increased. As a consequence, the resultant force generated by the copper ring also increased, leading to an increase in the jet kinetic energy and acceleration of the jet downward stretching speed [34]. Therefore, the results showed that MPEM improved both the stability and ordering of electrospun

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• . Ding et al. [10] electrospun nanofibers using a multiple-jet ES system. Krishnamoorthy et al. [11] demonstrated an ES setup consisting of 24 (8 × 3) nozzles for the large-scale production of aligned ceramic nanofibers. Kim et al. [12] developed an upward high-speed cylinder-type ES system with 120

• reservoir to the grounded collector was 18 cm, and the collector surfaces (200 mm × 200 mm) were covered with conductive aluminum foil in order to easily remove the electrospun nanofibers for further measurements. The electrospun nanofibers were dried at room temperature and sputter-coated with a gold film

Effect of electrospinning process variables on the size of polymer fibers and bead-on-string structures established with a 2³ factorial design

• Paulina Korycka,
• Adam Mirek,
• Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska,
• Marcin Grzeczkowicz and
• Dorota Lewińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2466–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.231

• , it is possible to obtain fibers of different structure: porous, smooth, core–shell, hollow structures and layer-by-layer stacked films or uniaxially aligned arrays [2]. Because of the variety of obtained structures that are possible, electrospun nanofibers find applications in well-established

• vascular grafts made of poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers [27]. However, works on the implementation of the factorial design to describe bead-on-string structures have not been conducted yet. All of the dependencies, described in the abovementioned studies, are usually established empirically and

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• composites, are fabricated in various assemblies (e.g., as mixed nanocomposites, double-layers, core–shell or hollow forms) using the electrospinning technique [37]. These electrospun nanofibers exhibit enhanced specific surface area, superior mechanical properties, nanoporosity and improved surface

• nanofibers are highly attractive as ultrasensitive sensors [42]. To date, many excellent review articles on the fabrication, alignment and application of electrospun nanofibers have been published [32][37][39][40]. However, to the best of our knowledge, a modern, comprehensive review on gas sensing

• applications of the electrospun 1D nanostructures (NFs, HNFs, NTs, and NWs) employing different types of materials integrated with different sensing principles does not exist. In 2009, Ding et al. [32] published a review article on gas sensors based on electrospun nanofibers, but since then, many reports on

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• can be effective in developing the method [111]. The magnetic field strength and sample size are the limiting parameters of this method. Moreover, as previously mentioned, the CNTs are aligned in the direction of the axis of electrospun nanofiber polymers. In new research, well-aligned electrospun

• nanofibers containing MWCNTs were successfully fabricated by a magnetic field [110]. Electric field The alignment and orientation of CNTs by an electric field is applied in two ways: as electrophoresis (EP) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). EP is the transport of charged particles through a medium enforced by a

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• rotating drum collector covered by aluminum foil served as the counter electrode. The distance between the needle tips and drum collector was set to 18 cm and the flow rate of the solution to 0.5 mL h−1. The as-prepared electrospun nanofibers were preoxidized at 260 °C for 2 h in air and calcined at

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• switching cycles. Conclusion CA electrospun nanofibers were deposited onto ITO-coated glass and an electro-optic cell was formed by two such glass plates with fibers in between. By filling in the nematic liquid crystal E7 a light scattering device with a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal was obtained

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• reported for several iron-oxide-based electrodes, including porous α-Fe2O3 nanorods [13], macroporous α-Fe2O3 submicrometer spheres [54], and 1D hollow α-Fe2O3 electrospun nanofibers [55], however its origin remains speculative. Several hypotheses are stated in the literature, among others, such as an

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• hydrophilicity of the PAN precursor but also catalyze the cyclization of nitrile groups during the stabilization process by forming a ladder structure. In our previous studies, copolymers of AN have been synthesized by free radical polymerization, and electrospun nanofibers were obtained with different AN co

• edges of GO and the interspaces of the layers can be observed in the SEM image. GO-containing electrospun nanofibers are seen in Figure 10b,c. GO nanosheets that are formed with PAN nanofibers are observed on the structure in Figure 10b. A rough surface with a kind of joints is presented in the image

Development of adsorptive membranes by confinement of activated biochar into electrospun nanofibers

• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Mitra Naghdi,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• Emile Knystautas,
• Mausam Verma,
• Rao. Y. Surampalli and
• Jose. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1556–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.149

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• spindle-like beads on the electrospun nanofibers depends mainly on the viscosity and surface tension of the spinning solution, spinning voltage and receving distance [24][25]. Viewed as a whole, these beaded nanofibers are closely entangled with each other and develop a robust multilayer network, which

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• of these biomimetic tissue-engineering constructs as efficient coatings for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants. Keywords: cardiovascular implants; electrospun nanofibers; plasma treatment; scaffold; tissue engineering; Introduction Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the major

• hydrophobic character [19]. To date, several surface-engineering techniques have been applied in order to chemically modify surfaces of electrospun nanofibers [9][20][21][22], including treatments by flame, corona discharge, plasma, photons, electron beam, ion beam, X-rays, and gamma rays. Among them