Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• need of separating shot noise from background 1/f noise caused by fluctuations in the physical environment [66]. The shot noise is a purely nonequilibrium property that results from the fact that current is not a continuous flow but a sum of discrete pulses in time. Shot noise is a zero-frequency

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO surface, which influence the local dielectric environment and stabilize the AuNPs. The most pronounced redshifts and spectral broadening were observed for the AuNP@Agro-GOX and AuNP@Agro-GOC hybrids, suggesting stronger interfacial interactions and higher

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• Abstract Compared to bulk solids, defects in low-dimensional materials and, specifically, 2D systems are expected to have a stronger effect, detrimental or beneficial, on their properties. Owing to their geometry, defects in 2D materials can easily be formed due to the interaction with the environment or

• to the interaction with the environment, for example, because of oxidation. The imperfections have a strong influence on the electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of 2D materials [2][3]. They normally deteriorate the characteristics; but they can also be beneficial, for example, in

• integration of radiofrequency control, ESR-STM could resolve the spin fingerprints of individual defects in TMDs and h-BN, correlating atomic structure with spin states. Such measurements would establish direct correlations between atomic structure, local electronic environment, and spin properties, laying

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• concentrated to 10 mL. The experiment was carried out in a dark environment, protected from light. Blank formulations (B-NC) were prepared under the same conditions, without addition of curcumin in the organic phases. All formulations were prepared and characterised in triplicate. Particle size, pH and zeta

• forced degradation photostability challenge, in line with accelerated conditions commonly employed to quantify intrinsic photolability of highly photosensitive compounds such as curcumin. This approach provides an exaggerated but controlled environment to compare the relative protective effects of the

• strain of 1.0% was applied for 100 s to simulate the steady-state conditions within the syringe barrel prior to printing, followed by a shear strain of 100% for 100 s to reproduce the high-shear environment within the nozzle during extrusion. Finally, to simulate the post-printing condition, the initial

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• questions including the prediction of (nano)materials (NM) functionality, nanomaterials fate in the environment, toxicity or therapeutic ability, and recyclability. As the properties of nanomaterials themselves span several scales, from electronic, atomistic, mesoscopic to continuum, and are highly dynamic

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• stealth properties during circulation but exposed their homophilic binding sites specifically within the acidic tumor environment, resulting in a 2.5-fold increase in tumor-specific uptake compared to conventional membrane-coated systems. Main classes of biomimetic nanoplatforms for photosensitizer

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• consequent drag and infiltration under the action of irrigation water and rain [1]. This problem, which is also associated with volatilization and emission of NO, NH3, and other gases into the atmosphere, poses severe risks to the environment and causes serious damage to human health [2]. Minerals rich in

• the type of species present. These features affect the rate at which cations are delivered to the external environment. This aspect is relevant for agricultural applications, where zeolites are used as controlled-release fertilizers [28] for a range of nutrients. Besides this, most prior work has

• silanol groups [19]. For industrial applications, it is important to understand the environment surrounding NH4+ ions within zeolite cavities. In our case, according to the literature [18][27] and FTIR results, the interaction between ammonium molecules and the MOR structure allows for the formation of

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• , heating, and evaporation of the material, leading to plasma formation. The plasma cools down in the surrounding liquid releasing nanoparticles (NPs) into the liquid; the cooling process also generates gas bubbles from the liquid environment. These gas bubbles nucleate, forming a cavitation bubble (CB

• environment [9]. The early stages of laser ablation, along with variations in material density, temperature, and phase states, can be effectively modelled using large-scale atomistic simulations [26][27]. PLAL is a simple, fast, and versatile technique that has been employed to produce ligand-free NPs [28

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• -layer graphene flakes [22][98][99], epitaxial graphene [20][100], graphene grown by thermal decomposition of SiC [77], and graphite [101]. By applying local oxidation in a humid environment, the resulting reactive oxygen species, such as OH− and O2•−, oxidize the graphene surface, forming graphene oxide

• degradation during the oxidation process. Transitioning to t-SPL would ultimately enable operation in a dry nitrogen environment, thereby preventing oxidation, a capability recently demonstrated by Liu and coworkers [106]. It is to mention that also Shilov and coworkers focused on electrode-free

• nanopatterning of thick multilayer van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures [64]. This approach, which relies on applying a low-frequency (10 kHz) AC voltage between the AFM tip in contact mode and the grounded substrate, achieves high-resolution etching (down to ≈100 nm) without the need for a humid environment

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• volume. These features provide a more favorable environment for mass transport, reactant diffusion, and nanoparticle dispersion, making rGO a more effective catalyst support, so we expect a better catalytic activity with rGO. In addition to the morphological and textural properties of carbon supports

• environment for catalyst dispersion, thereby enhancing reaction kinetics. This is likely due to the residual oxygen content of rGO (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6), which enables the effective anchoring of AuNPs and results in higher catalytic efficiency. In addition, the AC-based composites tend to

• metal–support interactions and a tendency for leaching over several cycles. Beyond the structural advantages of mentioned earlier, rGO also provides a unique electronic environment that further enhances catalytic activity. The superior catalytic performance of AuNPs–rGO compared to Au supported on CB or

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• surfaces of any living organism constantly engage with the environment and face a wide range of challenges. To meet these challenges, the surfaces of any organism must often simultaneously fulfil multiple functions and adapt to various environmental pressures, which involve complex interactions between

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• potential EHS risks as they evolve, ensuring proactive rather than reactive risk management. Third, dynamic simulations – including digital twin technologies – provide a virtual environment for researchers to run “what if” scenarios, allowing them to explore the impact of variable parameters (e.g., pH

• properties that may be harmful to human health or the environment in particular groups of chemicals likely to be (eco)toxic, persistent, bio-accumulative, or mobile. Overall sustainability should be ensured by minimizing the environmental footprint of chemicals and materials in particular in relation to

• computational methods help deliver materials that meet performance demands without compromising human health or the environment. Materials informatics To date, materials informatics has been predominantly focussed on optimizing functionality, largely through materials acceleration platforms (MAPs) that combine

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of nanocarriers in clinical applications [15]. The functional mechanism of CRNs (Figure 2) is designed to enhance the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer drug delivery systems, along with their behaviour in response to the acidic environment of

• ]. These studies demonstrate how enzyme substrates embedded in nanocarriers enable the selective cleavage, charge reversal, and targeted delivery of drugs in response to cancer-associated enzymes. 2.3 Redox-sensitive nanocarriers Redox-sensitive nanocarriers exploit the distinct intracellular environment

• to CC BY 4.0. Schematic representation of charge-reversible nanocarrier system for tumour therapy. a) In general mechanism of CRNs activated by various stimuli for targeted therapy, b) charge reversal of nanocarriers exhibiting responsiveness to the acidic environment in biofilms. The images of EMPTY

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• acidic environment (for visualization of endocytic pathways). Further, the cells were stained and visualized as described above. Internalization studies of nanoliposomes in hCMEC/D3 cells by confocal microscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Axiovert 200M Inverted Microscope) was

• nonexisting, and addition of cholesterol is needed in order to achieve conditions resembling normal neuronal environment with surrounding glial cells, as well as to promote the process of the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell differentiation into a neuronal cell type [50]. Up to date, several findings reported the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• 50. This increase in negative surface charge may be attributed to changes in the distribution of surrounding counterions, possibly caused by the adsorption or ionization of functional groups at the liposomal surface [47]. Additionally, the exposure of the phosphate moiety to the aqueous environment

• the formulations, as PDI values remained within the acceptable range (<0.3 for monodisperse systems) [72]. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the developed formulation presents adequate stability under conditions that simulate the biological environment, an essential requirement for in vivo

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• textile) and their relative weaknesses and then discusses the threats, which depend on the environment in which the artwork is located (outdoor or indoor). This review article also aims to provide scholars and conservators with a comprehensive overview of current solutions, serving as a foundation for

• transparency and reversibility, while smoother substrates favor thinner, more controllable films. Furthermore, artworks having stone or inorganic surfaces, may experience erosion due to the effect of acid rain if in outdoor environment (limestone might shift to gypsum due to sulfur dioxide, becoming porous and

• water-absorbent) [53], while, if in indoor environment, they may experience biological fouling (fungi or bacteria) [54][55], which might initiate bio-deterioration [56]. If the substrate is metallic, corrosion caused by water (rain when outdoor and humidity fluctuation when indoor) is the main issue

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• utilize the environment that they inhabit have engendered considerable scientific interest. In several taxa, such as insects, spiders, some bats, frogs and lizards, adhesive structures at the distal ends of the limbs have independently evolved, allowing these animals to adhere to inclined or even inverted

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• to the luminal environment rather than intracellular regions, indicating that surface chemistry governs not only nanoparticle uptake but also the spatial interpretation of the thermal maps. This distinction is crucial, as it means our thermal maps report on the temperature within the digestive tract

• outer tissues. Aldehyde fixatives act at the organism’s surface without significantly altering the internal optical environment where the UC nanoparticles are located. Because upconversion luminescence arises from lanthanide ions shielded within the nanoparticle matrix, its emission is largely

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• environment, but its distinct vibrational modes are often indistinguishable due to overlap with the Fe–O modes, especially since Fe3+ has a higher mass and stronger dipole moment change than Zn2+ and Mn2+. Magnetic properties of the core–shell NPs The magnetic saturation as a function of magnetic field of

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• PP3010. The gel sample underwent 5 min of etching via sublimation at −100 °C followed by sputtering in an argon environment using platinum for 60 s at a current of 10 mA. Once coated, the shuttle was transferred to the cryo-stage in the SEM chamber and maintained at −170 °C. Finally, the microstructure

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• organisms are almost exclusively left-handed, while sugars are predominantly right-handed [1][2]. This creates a chiral environment in the human body, where chiral drug molecules can exhibit enantioselective chemical and pharmacological behavior [3]. One example is the drug thalidomide, which was prescribed

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• of this vitamin from food matrices, initiating its active absorption into the body. A glycoprotein known as haptocorrin (HC; transcobalamin-I or R-binder), secreted by salivary and esophageal glands, binds to the released VB12 and shields it against the acidic environment of the stomach [47][51][52

• sensor could effectively oxidize Co2+ to Co3+ in almost entirely aqueous environment. Na et al. also showed that this chemosensor had a superb capacity to be an optical solid sensor [80]. Maity and Govindaraju earlier reported a colorimetric coumarin-conjugated thiocarbanohydrazone-based chemosensor

• the lucigenin-periodate reaction within an alkaline environment, where the Co2+ complex acted as the recognition unit, lucigenin served as the indicator, and the chemiluminescent response was the sensing signal. The CL emission under optimal conditions exhibited a direct linear relationship with Co2

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• in a realistic environment, the scientific bases are assumptions and analogies to chemically similar systems, rather than data. Several authors have synthesized and investigated (di)mannoside-coated AuNPs. While there are multiple applications [4], such NPs can also be seen as very crude models of

• . In other words, the nanoparticle has a non-centrosymmetric environment, which can simply be the presence of the gold surface. The noise-like feature at ~3400 cm−1 is assigned to hydrogen-bonded water as features above 3600 cm−1 should indicate non-hydrogen-bonded water. This is proof that water is

• concentrated carbohydrate solution (more than 40% of the total aqueous volume) provide a macromolecular crowding environment which diminishes particle interaction [42]. The dimanno-AuNPs used in this research were produced in a solution of ca. 50% dimannoside ligand, sufficient to decrease the agglomeration

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China 10.3762/bjnano.16.149 Abstract Herein we point out critical yet often overlooked barriers restraining the real-world impact and commercial viability of nanomaterials research. In spite of decades

• due to the inherent instability of 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials [23]. That is why, in most cases, nanomaterials require a specific medium and controlled environment for stability. In the same line, due their high surface energy, large surface area, and small size, nanomaterials naturally tend to

• exposure of such chemicals (nanoscale systems) to the environment is very poorly managed worldwide, with the exception of a few countries, namely the UK, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, and Japan. Furthermore, the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems remains poorly understood and

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• , Tsomoriri, and Tsokar are typical instances of untouched alpine lakes that support indigenous species and lifestyles [1]. The Nainital lakes, including Naini Lake and Bhimtal Lake, are crucial to the region’s environment and tourism. The unique ecosystem of the lakes and rising anthropogenic pressures have

• microscopy (SEM) produces high-resolution images of particle shapes. It also indicates surface wear and tear patterns that reflect how old the MP is and how long it has been in the environment [38]. Ease of operation and minimal cost of optical microscopy make it widely used, despite being less sophisticated

• samples from the environment makes nanoscale plastics yet another challenge. Sophisticated methods such as thermal extraction desorption (TED) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are now routinely used to detect these particles. But these methods involve a lot of expertise and equipment. The