Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• resistance of the structure at the operating point and increases the current noise contribution of the readout amplifier [17][22]. Furthermore, a larger number of elements increases the fabrication complexity. Crucially, nearly doubling the number of elements (from 19 to 37) does not produce a proportional

• experiments with broadband coaxial dish antennas [31][32]. Future work will focus on the experimental fabrication and characterization of the proposed miniaturized 37-element SRR array to validate these simulation results. Schematic layout of the investigated metamaterial arrays. (a) 19-element array of

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• [22]. Additionally, most nanomaterial fabrication methods are energy-intensive. Techniques such as combustion, arc deposition, solvothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, mechanical milling, and wet chemical methods require high energy input and careful process control. The ultrahigh cost of

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• innovative strategies to ensure their compatibility and sustained activity. This study addresses this critical challenge through the rational design and fabrication of hybrid core–shell nanofibers manufactured via coaxial electrospinning. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was used as an outer shell providing

• conventional fibrous materials. Their flexibility in fabrication allows for integration into a broad range of applications, from drug delivery scaffolds to composite biomaterials, contributing to their increasing relevance in both scientific research and industrial development [11][12][13][14]. To leverage the

• the nanoemulsion into the fiber core, 2% and 5% (w/w), of NE relative to the total core solution were added to the HA solution and stirred for 1 h to ensure homogeneity. Fabrication of coaxial nanofibers Coaxial nanofibers were produced using two plastic syringes – one loaded with the PLA shell

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• cement matrix. A better understanding of this complex composite material would provide valuable insights into the physical and chemical processes that underline the assembly of biological materials, which could inspire the design and fabrication of innovative hierarchical materials with diverse

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• or ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) allows for the precise fabrication of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures with well-defined shapes and dimensions ranging from 5 to 10 nm [1][5][6][7][8][9][10]. This high spatial resolution is achieved by precisely controlling the position and

• the fabrication or modification of cantilevers in AFM and scanning optical near-field microscopy, and as plasmonic materials [15][16][17][18][19]. FEBID/FIBID techniques combine the advantages of direct-write lithographic processes, for example, high spatial resolution, site-specificity, no need for

• a more in-depth understanding of the proposed pathway for successful testing of the new potential FIBID precursors. The Fabrication of the Precursor Thin Layer The metal-organic precursors films for the FIB/SEM experiments were deposited by sublimation using a glassware sublimation apparatus. The Si

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• , nN and nS are the distribution functions of electrons and holes in normal metal and superconductor, respectively. As can be seen from the formula, the electron cooling power depends on both the temperature of the normal metal and the temperature of the superconductor. Fabrication techniques

• not very high reproducibility and stability. Another fabrication method is the Manhattan technology [28] with deep orthogonal groves in the resist, see Figure 1b,c. Both methods are based on thermal evaporation at different angles and rotation of substrate, requiring rather sophisticated and expensive

• , technology with wet etching) that are promising for detectors and electron coolers. More details on various technologies and specific features of the fabrication of tunnel structures are provided in a review publication [29]. Aharonov–Bohm interferometer The Aharonov–Bohm interferometer is a hybrid

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• feedback in both amplitude-modulation and frequency-modulation modes. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; cavity optomechanics; Introduction The past two decades have seen the emergence of a variety of remarkable microscopic and mesoscopic optomechanical devices. Through innovative design and fabrication

• electromechanical coupling (KIMEC), whose design and fabrication were already presented in detail in previous publications by our group [17][18]. Here, we focus on the deployment of the force sensor, demonstrating force-gradient sensing and scanning over a test surface at 10 mK in a closed-cycle dilution

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• carbonized matrix, conjugated bonds, and silver cluster structures exhibits dramatically higher conductivity than the unmodified material, which can be exploited, for example, for the fabrication of flexible optoelectronics, thin-film electrodes, or electroactive sensors [12]. In addition to the increase in

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• but also the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, the intended route of administration, the therapeutic target, and the polymer selected as the nanocarrier, which plays a critical role in determining the most appropriate fabrication technique. While drug classification by the BCS remains a

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• help of aptamers. Common nanocarrier systems, including micelles, liposomes, metal nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, demonstrate well-established fabrication protocols, yet often face challenges with in vivo stability. Emerging nanoplatforms, such as four-way junction RNA nanostructures

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• , even on topologically complex surfaces, making it essential for the fabrication of next-generation devices [46][47][48]. In the semiconductor industry, ALD enables the creation of nanoscale transistors and high-k dielectric materials, essential for shrinking transistor dimensions and enhancing

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• nanomaterials in membrane fabrication are zeolites, various metals and metal oxides, as well as carbon-based materials such as CNTs and graphene derivatives [86]. The nanomaterials that can be used membrane components for the removal of MPs are discussed in detail below. Metal-organic frameworks: Metal-organic

• fabrication process involves thermally transforming Ti3C2Tx MXene into multilayered TiO2 with photocatalytic properties, followed by coating with platinum and decorating the surface with magnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. These engineered γ-Fe2O3/Pt/TiO2 microrobots exhibit light-driven, fuel-free movement with

• health and ecosystems. Additionally, carbon nanomaterials often aggregate in water, diminishing their adsorption efficiency, and their fabrication typically involves advanced techniques and costly equipment, which further limits widespread use [114]. The mechanism involved in the removal of MPs using

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• demonstrated the potential for creating functionally graded structures using multimaterial 3D printing [18][19][20]. However, these methods mainly focus on structural gradients [21] and face significant challenges in part integrity due to the layer-by-layer fabrication process, which results in poor adhesion

• stiffness of elasticity (Eeff) of the triangular mechanical metamaterials was calculated using Equation 1, where Es is the elastic modulus of the bulk material used for fabrication of the metamaterial, η is the slenderness ratio of the metamaterial beams, defined as the ratio of the length to the thickness

• most suitable parameters for material fabrication with a gradient that could be produced as reliably as possible and that was spatially well defined, despite the intermixing of adjacent material compounds. Figure 3 shows the interfaces of hot-pressed specimens and laminates of the different specimens

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• ], reinforcing, light-reflecting, conductive, and dielectric materials. Their utilization extends to contacts, printed circuit boards, and integrated circuit elements in microelectronics, as well as to the fabrication of optical filters, the component base of optoelectronics, and advanced lithographic processes

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ; encapsulation; fabrication strategy; transient electronics; Introduction In recent years, a growing global concern has emerged regarding the unintended consequences of material longevity on sustainability initiatives, particularly in light of the escalating crisis of plastic waste accumulation in landfills and

• unfolds on the brain cortex to enable neural signal monitoring following syringe-based implantation [27] (Figure 1d). The exploration of new materials and fabrication techniques has also enabled the realization of large-area transient devices. In particular, the large-area fabrication of 2D materials and

• environment, thus serving as a foundational element in the realization of high-performance bioresorbable electronic systems. Fabrication strategies and scalability of bioresorbable electronics Hybrid architectures that combine the high-performance characteristics of inorganic electronic components with the

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the preparation of non-spherical NPs are the fabrication of semiconductor nanowires such as hybrid CdS [20] and ZnS nanowires [21]. Si nanowires can also be prepared by laser ablation [4][5]. However, the synthesis is typically performed in gaseous atmosphere, and the developed approaches require high

• , fabrication of micro/nano channels in transparent materials, nanopatterning, and photopolymerization [25][26]. The achieved advances in these fields allow one to expect benefits of varying beam shapes for laser ablation synthesis in liquids as well. However, studies that use different beam shapes in laser

• reports on non-spherical nanostructures synthesized using different beam shapes is a work by Marappu et al [30], where a cylindrical focusing geometry was demonstrated to result in the fabrication of silver nanoribbons via picosecond laser ablation of bulk silver in doubly distilled water. Therefore

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, and solar cells. In this review article, we describe different methods of nanocolloidal synthesis using laser-assisted processes and corresponding thin film fabrication methods, particularly those utilized for device fabrication and characterization. The four

• sections start with an introduction to the common laser-assisted synthesis for nanocolloids and different methods of thin film fabrication using these nanocolloids followed by devices fabricated and characterized for applications including photovoltaics, photodetectors, catalysis, photocatalysis

• nanomaterial synthesis and device fabrication [28]. 1.2 Laser fragmentation in liquids Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL) is an innovative and environmentally friendly technique that offers precise control over the size and distribution of NPs and atomic clusters. This method involves the use of short-pulse

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• resonance (SPR) exhibited by AgNPrs significantly contributes to SERS enhancement by amplifying local electromagnetic fields. This makes AgNPrs ideal candidates for SERS-based sensing applications [1]. Numerous studies have focused on the fabrication of SERS-active substrates by depositing AgNPrs onto

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• due to their compact size, biocompatibility, and rapid fabrication. Keywords: biosensor; directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA); dopamine; glucose; nanoelectrode; platinum; Introduction Electrodes, a tool used in all walks of life today, were first demonstrated by Max Cremer in 1906 [1

• inappropriate for some applications [13][14][15]. Among various manufacturing techniques, directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) stands out as a one-step method that enables rapid and tunable fabrication of crystalline metal nanowires [16][17]. In the DENA method, AC power and a metal salt (e.g., Au

• , Pt, Fe, Cu, or Ir) solution are used for nanowire growth, where adjustments to the AC field parameters and solution composition allow the fabrication of either single cylindrical nanowires (ranging from 15 to 600 nm in diameter and up to several hundreds of micrometers in length) or dendritic

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• (FE-SEM, JEOS JSM6700F). An InoLab Cond 7310 conductivity meter was used to measure ion concentration. Fabrication of CTA membrane The membranes were prepared according to previous protocols with modifications [67]. Initially, the raw materials for the CTA film were dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• promising alternative to high-precision lithography techniques [1][2][3]. The utilization of short femtosecond laser pulses has proven instrumental in overcoming diffraction limit restrictions, enabling controlled fabrication of periodic subwavelength structures [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This controlled

• computer-controlled. In our previous work, we had generated LIPSS on stainless steel via single-line scanning [52]. In the present work to optimize the fabrication of large-area embedded LIPSS, a series of specimens were generated using four discrete laser scanning intervals, that is, 60, 50, 40, 30, and

• number of effective laser pulses per beam spot area. Considering that the spot diameter invariably expands with longer wavelengths, the laser-ablated area becomes more substantial in comparison to lower wavelengths. This phenomenon is crucial to note as it influences the fabrication of large-area LIPSS

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• Abstract This study investigates the fabrication of BiVO4 photoanodes using a controlled-intensity current electrodeposition method to improve their photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. The impact of varying the deposition current density and VO(acac)2 concentration was systematically analyzed to

• produce BiVO4 thin films at high deposition rates; however, this method resulted in irregular grain structures and significant material defects, limiting the PEC performance improvements. Electrodeposition has emerged as a promising low-cost and scalable technique for BiVO4 film fabrication, offering

• ) were used to adjust the pH during deposition. Ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%, Merck) and deionized (DI) water were used for cleaning and dilution, respectively. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates (7 Ω·sq−1, Pilkington) served as the conductive support for electrodeposition. Fabrication of BiVO4

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92