Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , compared to those of 1 µg·mL−1 PLG-TA and CTRL+, should have no impact on cell fate because for all conditions the CV values are around 0.4. It was shown that in mouse fibroblasts grown on a graphene monolayer on a glass substrate, chromatin decompaction was induced [44]. Our results differ, probably due

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of M7-EOCF, EOCF, and S. Mix was assessed through cell viability measurements on L929 fibroblasts using the MTT method [MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoline bromide]. Figure 4 shows that EOCF was considered cytotoxic at all concentrations tested (50, 100, and

• spectrophotometer at 595 nm. The results were expressed in absorbance. Evaluation of cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts Cells of the L929 strain of mouse fibroblasts were inserted into 96-well plates (EasyPath®, EP-51-25244) with a final volume of 200 µL. The fibroblasts (1 × 105 cells/mL cultured in Dulbecco MEM

• medium supplemented with 10% SFB (Gibco®, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1% antibiotic solution (5,000 UI penicillin + 5 mg streptomycin/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) were kept in an oven (5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C for 24 h) [55][56]. After this period, the adherent fibroblasts were treated with the S. Mix. samples

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• cells [29]. Multiple cell types including immune cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes work together to repair wounds [30]. Skin regeneration occurs mainly through the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, the major cell type of the epidermis, that move to cover the wound and generate new

• against microbes and as scaffold for immune cells. Also, it stores growth factors and cytokines to promote healing [35]. Platelets bring the immune cells to the injury site either through direct capturing or by the release of the secretome. The secretome activates keratinocytes and fibroblasts of the

• are cleared by macrophage efferocytosis, apoptosis, or return to blood vessels [40]. Proliferation Granulation tissue development, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization are features of the proliferative phase. This period may last several weeks [41]. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• lung cancer cells (A549), whereby larger particles showed higher cell affinity. In another study, MWCNTs smaller than 8 nm were more toxic in 3T3 fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells compared with larger MWCNTs (20–30 nm and >50 nm, with the same length 0.5–2 µm); however, MWCNTs larger than 50

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , over time, the excessive proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts and remodeling of collagen around the vesicles can lead to the failure of the surgical effects [144]. The primary strategy to counter fibrosis has been the use of antimetabolic drugs, but this often leads to complications like filter

• thermally destroys conjunctival fibroblasts and invasive bacteria around conjunctival vesicles, while the 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) inhibits fibrous responses in filter vesicles, thus achieving effective IOP reduction [145]. 3.5 Endophthalmitis Endophthalmitis, commonly resulting from pathogenic infections, is

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• demonstrated by Ji and colleagues in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis, where they inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts [46]. An alternative to depletion is the inhibition of KCs through chloroquine, an antimalaria agent that inhibits macrophage-specific endocytosis, or

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• the initial 120 h. Furthermore, in vitro tests showed the effective inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cells without any damage to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The created new alginate-based nanoplatform can be used in targeted and prolonged drug delivery of capsaicin in cancer prevention and

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. The final step in the immune system response involves the formation of foreign-body giant cells on the implant surface. Increased cytokine levels trigger the release of pro-fibrogenic factors and recruiting fibroblasts. Fibroblasts induce the

• roughness, inducing macrophage polarization to the pro-inflammatory state without producing a great excess of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, GO-coated implants showed a reduction of the expression of the fibrosis-related protein α-SMA and collagen deposition in the presence of both fibroblasts and

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• . In the repair phase, where the hematoma is replaced by fibrin-rich granulation tissue over time, the granulation tissue first evolves into fibrous tissue consisting of fibroblasts and then into soft callus. At this stage, new vessels, fibroblasts, intracellular material, and supporting cells begin to

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• Staphylococcus epidermidis), and finally cytotoxicity assays on two human cell types (i.e., MG-63 tumor cell line and 155BR fibroblasts). Materials and Methods N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF ≥99.5%, Alfa Aesar, USA); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO ≥99.9%, Fisher Chemical, USA); zinc acetate (99,99%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA

• 24 h of incubation. The msalt is the calculated mass of the salts in a scaffold disc (6 mm in diameter). In vitro cell studies Cell cultures An osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63, ECACC 86051601) and skin fibroblasts (155BR, ECACC 90011809), both of human origin, were cultured as monolayers at 37 °C and 5

• research group [34]. The tests were performed first on tumor cells to optimize the experimental conditions and then on fibroblasts to investigate if the scaffolds have a cytotoxic effect. The discs with diameters of 16 mm (m = 0.5 ± 0.1 mg) were sterilized under UV light for 1 h. After that, they were

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• decrease in macrophage cytotoxicity of the nanoencapsulated molecule when compared to its free form. In addition, the uptake of these nanoparticles by macrophages was higher than that by fibroblasts, with an IC50 approximately two times lower than that of the free drug, and a selectivity index 20 times

• , respectively. Additionally, this nanosystem proved to be biocompatible with skin fibroblasts (in vitro). However, neither the cell viability of this system in healthy macrophages nor models of parasite infection in this cell type were evaluated. Considering that the nanoscale platform approved by the FDA and

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs showed promising anticancer potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines, although this effect was less pronounced in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMN) cell lines. Confocal microscopy was used

• FasL in Huh7 cells [5]. Cytotoxicity toward non-cancer cells The cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs was also evaluated in the non-cancerous cell line HDFB, derived from normal human dermal, fibroblasts and the MMNK-1 human cholangiocyte cell line. The data show that free CUR at lowest concentrations (12.50 μg

• /mL) had toxic effects toward fibroblasts, whereas CUR-HSA-MPs significantly reduced the toxicity of the free drug (Figure 7A,B). However, when the CUR concentration in CUR-HSA-MPs was increased to 50 μg/mL, a significant loss of viability was observed in fibroblasts. Moreover, CUR-HSA-MPs showed a

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• absorption edge in the UVA region [43]. Studying the effects of UV irradiation on nanoceria would be informative for environmental applications. In biological systems, colloidal nanoceria dispersions were found to be non-toxic to fibroblasts and were capable of preventing damage from UV irradiation [44

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• o-phenylenediamine did not disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane. Cytotoxicity testing Low cytotoxicity is one of the mandatory requirements for biomedical applications. In this paper, we performed cell viability tests by applying the MTT assay toward MRC5 human lung fibroblast cells. Lung fibroblasts

• . After that time bacterial colonies were counted. Cytotoxicity In order to assess the cytotoxicity of CQDs/PU (antiproliferative activity), standard MTT assay and methods suitable for materials testing were used [55][56]. All tests were carried out in triplicate. Human lung fibroblasts (MRC5) cells

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• cells as well as healthy human melanocytes and fibroblasts, showing that clear cell differentiation is possible when a wide frequency range is considered instead of a single number such as a pseudo-Young’s modulus. Furthermore, such representations would be extremely useful to evaluate the gradual

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• concentration of Pent was 32 μM. Miltefosine was used as a reference drug. Cytotoxicity assays were performed both on primary peritoneal mouse macrophages (PMM) and human fetal lung fibroblasts (MCR-5) according to procedures previously described to assess selectivity [31]. Tamoxifen was employed as the

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• size of 113 to 143 µm. In vitro cell interaction investigations with mouse embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate the osteogenic capabilities of the scaffolds [107]. In another study, Tripathi et al. (2012) investigated the osteogenic properties of the scaffolding system composed of nanocopper–zinc

• performed using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and the increased activity on the 21st day demonstrates a favourable environment for cell development and differentiation. The in vivo investigation was conducted on two male rabbits by making two 25 mm longitudinal incisions on the right and left dorsum. The

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• [125]. Furthermore, Wendt et al. showed that naturally occurring spider dragline silk fibres from Nephila species could be processed into wovens for culturing first fibroblasts for two weeks before seeding keratinocytes on top to develop a bilayered skin model consisting of an artificial dermis and

• ]. Cell culture studies on film surfaces using Balb 3T3 fibroblasts [148], neonatal rat cardiomyocytes [162], human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived cardiomyocytes [150], keratinocytes, myoblasts, or neuronal cells [163] revealed that negatively eADF4(C16) and uncharged eADF4(Ω16) surfaces do

• the primary protein sequence create a material surface that allows for the growth of primary fibroblasts without further modification [167]. As mentioned above, bioselective cell adhesion could be generated by attaching or introducing binding sites, for example, peptide sequences such as RGD, for

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• significant polygonal shape of cells is widely believed to be associated with enhanced migration and invasion abilities. Of these, round cells spread more slowly, whereas morphologically elongated cells, due to their resemblance to fibroblasts, have prominent leading edges and retractable tails, and therefore

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• and increased biocompatibility when human dermal fibroblasts were seeded on the scaffold or encapsulated in the hydrogel. Incorporation of HNTs into alginate hydrogel also yielded enhanced mechanical properties and scaffold density [147]. HNTs led to a decreased water swelling ratio of alginate

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• improvement in the mechanical properties was observed after the incorporation of 5 wt of nano-TiO2 and a bone-like apatite structure was formed in simulated body fluid (SBF), which supported cell attachment and growth, showing the potential for bone TE applications [73]. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) are

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• time, providing a solution for long-term heart monitoring. Zheng et al. proposed an implantable TENG (iTENG) to realize wireless heart monitoring in vivo [28]. The iTENG is not cytotoxic. The packaging material of the iTENG showed good biocompatibility in mouse fibroblasts. The iTENG was implanted

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• , hematopoietic, which are responsible for the hematopoiesis, and mesenchymal, which produce the stromal, fat, cartilage, and bone tissue. The BM stroma contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells. It provides the appropriate microenvironment for efficient

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• proteins resulting in a higher Young's modulus. The fixed ruffles exhibit an extremely low ion current error (Figure 3b), lower than that of the surrounding membrane. PFA usually increases the Young's modulus of cell surfaces, for instance, from 3.5 to 18 kPa in fibroblasts [39]. Therefore, the lower ion