Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• ionic gelation method and exhaustion, followed by the pad–dry–cure method in the second step. The antibacterial properties of the coated fabric were then evaluated [31]. Zinc peroxide (ZnO2) NPs synthesized via the sol–gel method were used to functionalize cotton textile fabrics through the pad–dry–cure

• method [32]. As shown in [33], ZnO NPs prepared through the sol–gel method were subsequently applied to the cotton fabric using the pad–dry–cure technique with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea as a cross-linking agent. The results demonstrate good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• ]. For instance, Farran et al. [21] characterized orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in scales of gold-dust weevils and titania-based artificial mimics of these scales obtained from sol–gel replication, aiding in the production of customizable photonic bandgaps for novel optical materials. On the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• gel column. As the sample was eluting, a 1 mL aliquot was collected, and 1 mL of PBS pH 7.4 buffer eluent was added. Finally, a total of twenty fractions were obtained. With the free/purified fraction (eluted fractions), quantification was done by fluorescence (excitation at 495 nm, emission range

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• organogel, composed of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), ethyl lactate (EL), and deferoxamine B (DFO), for the simultaneous removal of iron corrosion and aged acrylic coatings from historical metal artefacts. This gel is made of bio-based, biodegradable, and low-toxicity materials, aligned with Green Chemistry

• conservation challenges. Application of the PHB–EL–DFO gel on these mock-ups demonstrated its ability to safely and efficiently remove both corrosion products and polymer coatings, even when coatings penetrated the corrosion layer. The gel was prepared at 110 °C and cooled to form a malleable, easy-to-use

• material, which could be cut and applied with precision. A control test using a PHB–EL gel (without DFO) confirmed no harmful interaction with the bare steel substrate. Cleaning performance was evaluated for 10, 20, and 30 min of application, and effectiveness was found to increase. Multimodal

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• postulate that the gas release was rather a continuous phenomenon, driven by the heating process. The exposition of the flake edges and paths resulting from the removal of the gaseous products can be beneficial regarding the electrode design for cells operating liquid or gel electrolytes, ensuring improved

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• of UCNPs@lipids solution and 250 µL of 2% low-melting agarose gel. A few microliters of the liquid mixture were drawn into a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tube and solidified 30 min before imaging. The second sample, S2, consisted of a single UC-fed C. elegans immersed in agarose mixed with

• UCNPs@lipids. After feeding with UCNPs@lipids, live nematodes were placed into a drop of 2% low-melting agarose gel containing UCNPs@lipids and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The nematodes were oriented with their mouth and tail positioned at the ends of the FEP tube and left to solidify for

• agarose gel. A corresponding volumetric image was also acquired at the 525 nm band (not shown) to compute the FIR. Pairs of these images were taken at different temperatures to establish the temperature-dependent FIR calibration. For each sample, approximately 25 macroliposomes were analyzed. Although the

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• ) fluorophores were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of fully solvated gels and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to observe the corresponding xerogels. The DPP@Gel systems exhibit strong fluorescence and are effectively imaged using CLSM, with fibre morphologies

• that closely correlate with those seen with cryo-SEM. In contrast, the analogous imidazolium gel system containing a sulfonated zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc@Gel) yields poor CLSM images because of the relatively weak emission and sample disruption during compression, whereas cryo-SEM enables clear

• artefacts stresses the need for multiple orthogonal approaches when interpreting gel morphology [18]. In this study, the morphological features of imidazolium-based supramolecular hydrogel fibres incorporating two distinct fluorescent probes, namely, a zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPc) and a

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• and polydispersity index below 0.2 and remained stable for 60 days. The ME was gelled with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, while vitamin E and Liquid Germall® Plus were incorporated as antioxidant and preservative agents, respectively, yielding the final topical gel formulation. Cytocompatibility

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• were prepared accordingly [50]. For similar hydrolysis and condensation kinetics compared to the organosilane sol–gel precursors (see below), tetraisopropoxysilane (Si(OiPr)4) was used as a sol–gel precursor. After solvent exchange of the wet gel, supercritical drying with carbon dioxide delivered the

• physisorption measurements. NHxSIL was prepared by co-condensation of tetraalkyloxysilanes (e.g., Si(OMe)4) with a second sol–gel precursor such as aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTMS, (MeO)3SiPrNH2). One can control the amine content, x, by adjusting the ratio of the two precursors in the precursor sol. A

• prepare chiral oSILs by co-condensation of Si(OiPr)4 with a sol–gel precursor that already contains the amino acid. An example is an Ala-modified 1,3-bis(triisopropoxysilyl)aniline [45][49] as shown in Scheme 1. The resulting material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Figure 2a); it

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• -loaded electrospun scaffolds compared to that of the gel formulation [44], and Coelho et al. (2021) reporting PVA nanofibers containing chalcone NE as a potential treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis [45]. Despite these advances in nanofiber composite structures incorporating various nanosystems, a

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• hybridization probe synthesis, a second PCR was done with a T7 promoter binding site (5′-GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGG-3′) added to reverse strand PCR primers. After quality and size check by gel electrophoresis, PCR products were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR clean-up system kit (Promega). The purified

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , secreted or cell-bound, which form a viscoelastic gel through entanglement and cross-linking. These properties contribute to the protective and lubricating functions of mucus. These functions are performed through steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions with various substances [6]. Mucin is an

• NPs are often obtained through emulsification/solvent diffusion techniques, facilitated by its water solubility and gel-forming capacity in the presence of divalent cations that support the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs. Dialysis methods, in turn, are particularly suited for amphiphilic

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• [102][103], compared to literature-reported nanoemulsions for DED treatment based on castor oil and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine with a conductivity of 68.9 μS·cm−1 [20]. Another study described the development of a nanoemulsion-based gel containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride to treat

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential

• . serrulatus venom (Table 1). The high percentage of protein incorporation was confirmed by the electrophoretic profiles in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), after the gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. In this methodology, the nanoparticles are retained in the wells and

• only the proteins that were not incorporated in the nanoparticles will migrate through the gel. The T. serrulatus venom (Tsv) protein presented a molecular mass range of approximately 2 to 66.4 kDa. Comparing the electrophoretic profiles of T. serrulatus venom protein-loaded PLA nanoparticles at 0.5

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• various techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle synthesis is essential for tailoring materials that effectively remove MPs. Various approaches allow researchers to customize structure and functionality based on application needs. For example, the sol–gel process transforms a colloidal

• solution into a gel, enabling precise compositional control and producing homogenous metal oxides suited for photocatalytic applications [74]. Hydrothermal synthesis uses high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous environments to yield well crystalized particles with controlled morphologies, while co

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• mitigates the aggregation issues and simplifies the separation and recovery of photocatalysts within a slurry system. TiO2 nanowires are known for their significantly high surface area and are important for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications. Template-mediated methods such as sol–gel

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• advanced topical antibacterial treatments [120]. Different nanosystems have been explored to enhance the effectiveness of zinc complexes, including their incorporation into silica NPs. In this context, the Zn(II)–Schiff base complex 15 (Figure 4) was encapsulated in sol–gel-derived silica nanoparticles

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• properties to a gel previously composed of a more rigid and brittle network, a double network gel with an IPN structure is obtained. This approach significantly contributes to improving the mechanical properties and stability of the system [43][52]. Synthetic polymers, including acrylates [53], acrylamide

• polymer mixtures generate thermo-sensitive hydrogels, such as chitosan/β-glycerophosphate/collagen-based hydrogels [129]. In another example, hydrogels comprised of gelatin microspheres, glutaraldehyde – as a cross-linker, added to Pluronic F127 and F68 can vary from sol to gel phases by changing both

• stirring followed by rest to form the gel [138]. Keratin concentrations varied between 10, 15, and 20% in water, and vigorous agitation was used for dissolution [136]. Then, to promote the formation of disulfide bonds, a 5% solution of H2O2 is added. For gel formation, mixtures should be incubated

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• nanoarchitectonics. As an overall conclusion, it is highly anticipated that soft materials nanoarchitectonics will continue to develop significantly in the future. Keywords: biomaterials; gel; liquid crystal; nanoarchitectonics; polymer; soft materials; Introduction The growing interest in soft and responsive

• materials nanoarchitectonics, spanning the fields of electronics and medicine. Gel nanoarchitectonics Gels are representative soft materials that exhibit flexibility and softness. They are soft and flexible substances comprising polymers and molecular aggregates that are predominantly solvated and

• integrated with the solvent [279][280][281]. Furthermore, gel materials with excellent stimuli responsiveness and biocompatibility have also been widely developed. As the nanoarchitectonics of the polymers and molecular aggregates that constitute gels evolve, the design and functionality of gels are becoming

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• gel (Merck Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh ASTM). The progress of the reactions was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on 5 × 20 cm plates with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. UV–vis spectra were recorded with a Jasco V-560 spectrophotometer using quartz cuvettes with an optical path length of 1 cm

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior

• phase change of this metal oxide is generally implemented through a few approaches, including annealing, sol–gel process, hydrothermal process, vapor transport method. However, such approaches are time consuming [26][27][28]. In this context, the ultrafast reduction of V2O5 to VO2 through the MW route

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• displays [5], solar cells [6], and light-emitting diodes [7]. There are numerous methods for synthesizing ZnO films, including pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, radio frequency (RF) sputtering, and sol–gel techniques. Here RF sputtering is preferred over other methods because it provides high

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• graphene nanosheets in water-intercalated AB bilayer graphene structures. A layer of water molecules significantly decreases the intersheet van der Waals force. A novel hydrogel of graphene oxide–silica gel–zinc hydroxide (GO-SG-ZH) is experimentally synthesized to demonstrate the advantages of hydrated

• , bandgap energy, and formation energy of the molecular system of bilayer graphene intercalated with a water layer. In the experimental aspect, green chemistry methods were applied for synthesizing GO nanosheets, rice-husk-derived silica gel (SG), nanosilica–zinc hydroxide nanoparticles (SG-ZH), and

• filtration, a clear yellow solution of potassium silicate was obtained and neutralized with a 15% acetic acid solution. After that, the suspension of precipitated nanosilica was incubated overnight and then thoroughly washed with water. The obtained product of silica gel (SG) was used for subsequent

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• ][27][28]. In previous reports on pyrite thin films produced by EPD, Duan et al. deposited pyrite powder created using the sol–gel hydrothermal technique onto ITO substrates [29]. There are no other reports on the deposition of pyrite films using electrophoretic deposition. Spin coating is another thin

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• characteristics [165]. A dense membrane made of PU and an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was electrospun with a polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Gel) scaffold. The PCL/Gel scaffold was employed as the sublayer to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, while the PU/EEP membrane was utilized as the top layer to