Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• and polydispersity index below 0.2 and remained stable for 60 days. The ME was gelled with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, while vitamin E and Liquid Germall® Plus were incorporated as antioxidant and preservative agents, respectively, yielding the final topical gel formulation. Cytocompatibility

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• were prepared accordingly [50]. For similar hydrolysis and condensation kinetics compared to the organosilane sol–gel precursors (see below), tetraisopropoxysilane (Si(OiPr)4) was used as a sol–gel precursor. After solvent exchange of the wet gel, supercritical drying with carbon dioxide delivered the

• physisorption measurements. NHxSIL was prepared by co-condensation of tetraalkyloxysilanes (e.g., Si(OMe)4) with a second sol–gel precursor such as aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTMS, (MeO)3SiPrNH2). One can control the amine content, x, by adjusting the ratio of the two precursors in the precursor sol. A

• prepare chiral oSILs by co-condensation of Si(OiPr)4 with a sol–gel precursor that already contains the amino acid. An example is an Ala-modified 1,3-bis(triisopropoxysilyl)aniline [45][49] as shown in Scheme 1. The resulting material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Figure 2a); it

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• -loaded electrospun scaffolds compared to that of the gel formulation [44], and Coelho et al. (2021) reporting PVA nanofibers containing chalcone NE as a potential treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis [45]. Despite these advances in nanofiber composite structures incorporating various nanosystems, a

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• hybridization probe synthesis, a second PCR was done with a T7 promoter binding site (5′-GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGG-3′) added to reverse strand PCR primers. After quality and size check by gel electrophoresis, PCR products were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR clean-up system kit (Promega). The purified

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , secreted or cell-bound, which form a viscoelastic gel through entanglement and cross-linking. These properties contribute to the protective and lubricating functions of mucus. These functions are performed through steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions with various substances [6]. Mucin is an

• NPs are often obtained through emulsification/solvent diffusion techniques, facilitated by its water solubility and gel-forming capacity in the presence of divalent cations that support the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs. Dialysis methods, in turn, are particularly suited for amphiphilic

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• [102][103], compared to literature-reported nanoemulsions for DED treatment based on castor oil and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine with a conductivity of 68.9 μS·cm−1 [20]. Another study described the development of a nanoemulsion-based gel containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride to treat

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential

• . serrulatus venom (Table 1). The high percentage of protein incorporation was confirmed by the electrophoretic profiles in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), after the gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. In this methodology, the nanoparticles are retained in the wells and

• only the proteins that were not incorporated in the nanoparticles will migrate through the gel. The T. serrulatus venom (Tsv) protein presented a molecular mass range of approximately 2 to 66.4 kDa. Comparing the electrophoretic profiles of T. serrulatus venom protein-loaded PLA nanoparticles at 0.5

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• various techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle synthesis is essential for tailoring materials that effectively remove MPs. Various approaches allow researchers to customize structure and functionality based on application needs. For example, the sol–gel process transforms a colloidal

• solution into a gel, enabling precise compositional control and producing homogenous metal oxides suited for photocatalytic applications [74]. Hydrothermal synthesis uses high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous environments to yield well crystalized particles with controlled morphologies, while co

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• mitigates the aggregation issues and simplifies the separation and recovery of photocatalysts within a slurry system. TiO2 nanowires are known for their significantly high surface area and are important for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications. Template-mediated methods such as sol–gel

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• advanced topical antibacterial treatments [120]. Different nanosystems have been explored to enhance the effectiveness of zinc complexes, including their incorporation into silica NPs. In this context, the Zn(II)–Schiff base complex 15 (Figure 4) was encapsulated in sol–gel-derived silica nanoparticles

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• properties to a gel previously composed of a more rigid and brittle network, a double network gel with an IPN structure is obtained. This approach significantly contributes to improving the mechanical properties and stability of the system [43][52]. Synthetic polymers, including acrylates [53], acrylamide

• polymer mixtures generate thermo-sensitive hydrogels, such as chitosan/β-glycerophosphate/collagen-based hydrogels [129]. In another example, hydrogels comprised of gelatin microspheres, glutaraldehyde – as a cross-linker, added to Pluronic F127 and F68 can vary from sol to gel phases by changing both

• stirring followed by rest to form the gel [138]. Keratin concentrations varied between 10, 15, and 20% in water, and vigorous agitation was used for dissolution [136]. Then, to promote the formation of disulfide bonds, a 5% solution of H2O2 is added. For gel formation, mixtures should be incubated

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• nanoarchitectonics. As an overall conclusion, it is highly anticipated that soft materials nanoarchitectonics will continue to develop significantly in the future. Keywords: biomaterials; gel; liquid crystal; nanoarchitectonics; polymer; soft materials; Introduction The growing interest in soft and responsive

• materials nanoarchitectonics, spanning the fields of electronics and medicine. Gel nanoarchitectonics Gels are representative soft materials that exhibit flexibility and softness. They are soft and flexible substances comprising polymers and molecular aggregates that are predominantly solvated and

• integrated with the solvent [279][280][281]. Furthermore, gel materials with excellent stimuli responsiveness and biocompatibility have also been widely developed. As the nanoarchitectonics of the polymers and molecular aggregates that constitute gels evolve, the design and functionality of gels are becoming

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• gel (Merck Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh ASTM). The progress of the reactions was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on 5 × 20 cm plates with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. UV–vis spectra were recorded with a Jasco V-560 spectrophotometer using quartz cuvettes with an optical path length of 1 cm

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior

• phase change of this metal oxide is generally implemented through a few approaches, including annealing, sol–gel process, hydrothermal process, vapor transport method. However, such approaches are time consuming [26][27][28]. In this context, the ultrafast reduction of V2O5 to VO2 through the MW route

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• displays [5], solar cells [6], and light-emitting diodes [7]. There are numerous methods for synthesizing ZnO films, including pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, radio frequency (RF) sputtering, and sol–gel techniques. Here RF sputtering is preferred over other methods because it provides high

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• graphene nanosheets in water-intercalated AB bilayer graphene structures. A layer of water molecules significantly decreases the intersheet van der Waals force. A novel hydrogel of graphene oxide–silica gel–zinc hydroxide (GO-SG-ZH) is experimentally synthesized to demonstrate the advantages of hydrated

• , bandgap energy, and formation energy of the molecular system of bilayer graphene intercalated with a water layer. In the experimental aspect, green chemistry methods were applied for synthesizing GO nanosheets, rice-husk-derived silica gel (SG), nanosilica–zinc hydroxide nanoparticles (SG-ZH), and

• filtration, a clear yellow solution of potassium silicate was obtained and neutralized with a 15% acetic acid solution. After that, the suspension of precipitated nanosilica was incubated overnight and then thoroughly washed with water. The obtained product of silica gel (SG) was used for subsequent

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• ][27][28]. In previous reports on pyrite thin films produced by EPD, Duan et al. deposited pyrite powder created using the sol–gel hydrothermal technique onto ITO substrates [29]. There are no other reports on the deposition of pyrite films using electrophoretic deposition. Spin coating is another thin

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• characteristics [165]. A dense membrane made of PU and an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was electrospun with a polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Gel) scaffold. The PCL/Gel scaffold was employed as the sublayer to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, while the PU/EEP membrane was utilized as the top layer to

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• Abstract This study investigates the recovery of the B1 phase from the high-pressure B2 phase, at atmospheric pressure, in cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles incorporated within sol–gel synthesized CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.40) composite thin films. The recovery process is investigated using electronic excitations

• with 40% cadmium concentration in zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized using the sol–gel chemical route method, as detailed in our previous publication [1]. The irradiation experiments were performed using the 15 UD tandem Pelletron accelerators at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• G3139 to acute myeloid leukemic cells [113]. Agarose gel electrophoresis retardation essays revealed that both PEI and transferrin were critical to achieve nanocomplexes with long-term stability and optimal cargo protection under physiological conditions. Moreover, LPNs exhibited enhanced cellular

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• ]. Apart from that, quantitative and qualitative measurements of SDS in terms of laboratory use are necessary. The SDS is widely used in protein estimation via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) [10]. Several research groups widely explore nanoparticle synthesis using SDS as a capping agent for

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• systems because of their ability to form gel-like structures in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+. Despite the advantages of alginate polymer such as its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and gelation ability, its instability, fast wettability, and rapid release at high pH result in the

• particle size. However, the penetration of PEGylated formulations of different sizes was also studied, and a negative correlation was observed with particle size. In the same study, the effect of gel thickness was evaluated, and it was concluded that the penetration was negatively correlated with mucus gel

• thickness. Regardless of the particle size, penetration was found to be significantly lower when a thicker gel layer was used [63]. In summary, not only charge but also the size of nanoparticles, along with the mucus thickness, affect the diffusion of nanoparticles. The relatively low diffusion percentage

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• of PI dye (1 mg/mL) and stored at 4 °C until analysis using flow cytometry. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments. A value of p < 0.05 (*) was considered statistically significant. Comet assay/single-cell gel

• electrophoresis for DNA damage analysis upon exposure of A549 cells to GO–Chl nanoconjugates Single-cell gel electrophoresis was used to investigate DNA denaturation and single-strand DNA breaks upon exposure of A549 lung cancer cells to GO–Chl nanoconjugates. For quantitative estimation of DNA damage, we

• ice to allow gelation. Duplicate slides for each sample were prepared and were kept in freshly prepared and chilled lysis solution (146.1 g NaCl, 37.2 g EDTA, 1.2 g Tris, pH 10 with 1% Triton X 100 added just before use) at 4 °C overnight. Further, the slides were placed in a horizontal gel

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• in two studies [114][115]. The gel-like suspensions were prepared by mixing the aqueous chitosan/PVA solution and oil phase solutions including PCL and poly-ʟ-lactic acid for the use in wound healing applications. Instead of using nozzle-based methods, the emulsions were electrospun using a

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• advanced methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, precipitation and template-assisted techniques [53]. The synthesis method chosen often depends on factors such as the desired crystal structure, particle size, surface area, and photocatalytic activity required for the specific application