Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• B virus (HBV) [69]. The conjugation significantly enhanced the delivery and efficacy of the ASO in inhibiting HBV gene expression. The study showed that the Gal–PLL–ASO complex effectively reduced HBsAg and HBeAg levels in HBV-transfected cells by 96% and 82%, respectively, compared to 70% and 58

• vivo applications. When administered intratumorally, PEG-CS-PLR–siRNA complexes efficiently silenced target gene expression in tumour tissues, outperforming other delivery systems, including non-PEGylated variants (Figure 6). In an effort to improve targeted gene therapy for head and neck cancer

• both protein and gene expression, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of targeted colon cancer cells [147][148][149]. In another study, Venuganti et al. prepared hydrogels containing anti-Bcl-2-PAMAM G4 dendrimer complexes for topical targeted iontophoretic delivery of phosphorothioate

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• to changes in the structure of RNA, protein chromatin structure, gene expression and replication, and synthesis and repair of DNA [30]. It has also been shown that TMZ has radiosensitizing effects [31][32], increasing the degradation of DNA strains and cell death when combined with RT, which is a

• detail explained in a recent review by Thabet et al. [96], emphasizing its role in DNA synthesis and repair mechanisms, gene expression, protection from oxidative stress, homocysteine regulation, collagen synthesis, and effect on enzymes, on one side, and the stimulation of nucleotide synthesis and

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• nucleotides) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to the 3′-UTR of target mRNAs, thereby inhibiting their translation. Their ability to promote specific macrophage phenotypes has made miRNAs a powerful tool for macrophage modulation. For instance, miR-155 promotes the M1 phenotype

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• against HCT-116 cells, in terms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, was assessed using flow cytometry. Comparison with APN suspension showed significant improvements favoring APN-PLHNPs. Additionally, the anticancer mechanism was further explored by examining the gene expression of key signaling molecules

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• progress in clinical trials [141][142] although only a limited amount of the CD20 antibodies can cross the BBB. This can be attributed to their large size and degradation-prone nature [143][144]. In addition, therapy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) is also considered a powerful tool for modulating gene

• expression through gene silencing, and it can open new doors for disease treatments [145]. Currently, patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, inclisiran, nedosiran, and vutrisiran are siRNA-based drugs approved by FDA for treating different diseases [146]. Besides these successful efforts, their delivery to the

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• applications. Biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers are an excellent choice for a variety of innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs). Biopolymers are also used in cutting-edge scientific applications such as gene expression, tissue engineering, smart drug delivery, and biosensors [11][19]. Modern medicine

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• the cells. Folic acid plays an important role in cancer cells; it takes part in cell proliferation, methylation for gene expression, DNA replication, oxidative stress, and DNA mutation. Many studies and cancer drugs, therefore, have used folic acid as a targeting ligand for the folate receptor, which

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• the inflammatory sites. The acidic environment at the inflammatory sites induced MOF disaggregation, resulting in the release of carbon dot-SOD nanozymes and CD98 CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids. The released nanozymes and plasmids contributed to ROS scavenging and reduced the CD98 gene expression, respectively

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• of action of this drug against leishmaniasis. Curc inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB); the production of TNFα, IFNγ, and nitric oxide; and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [49][51]. These pro-inflammatory factors are related to the parasitic infection of

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• surface area compared to vessels without N-TECs. Moreover, N-TECs have a different gene expression profile. They are characterized by increased expression of genes involved in transport, such as the PLVAP gene, which mediates microvascular permeability and is involved in the formation of endothelial

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• , and H1993 cells harbored MET amplification. Therefore, three types of siRNA were used as EGFR–scFv–arginine nonamer peptide fusion protein complexes, namely siRNA for KRAS, EGFR, and MET gene expression silencing (Figure 1). The synergistic effect of gefitinib and scFv antibody-mediated siRNA delivery

• siRNA in the downregulation of oncogenes offers numerous advantages in combinatorial lung cancer treatment for targeting mutations that contribute to the resistance to cancer therapy. Synthetic siRNA can be designed to inhibit any target gene expression and consequently prevent or decrease target

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• delivered to the target site and suppress the designated gene expression. Furthermore, various CyD-based photoinduced therapies (e.g., photodynamic and photothermal therapies) are described in sections 4 and 5. Finally, some of the recent topics of CyD-based DDSs will be presented in section 6. A

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• commercially available antibiotics. The main parameters that determine the antibacterial action of CQDs are generation of reactive oxygen species, cytoplasm leakage due to DNA binding, and gene expression modulation [28]. In addition, the CQD surface charge affects very much the antibacterial activity of CQDs

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• their osteoinductive properties [40][41]. Chitosan is combined with several polymeric materials and nanoparticles to mimic the natural function of the bone (Table 1) [42][43]. Chitosan biomaterials enhance the proliferation of osteoblasts and the formation of bone minerals by promoting gene expression

• used to assess the osteogenic differentiation potential of these nanoparticles. Alizarin red S test also confirms the development of mineralized nodules. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis reveals that runt-related transcription factor-2 and bone morphogenic protein-2 gene expression was upregulated. The in

• differentiation in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The proliferation of the cells was demonstrated by the alamarBlue test. Further, qRT-PCR analysis showed upregulation of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin gene expression. The Alizarin red S test was carried out by culturing

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• express hypertrophic markers such as type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Mineralization occurs after the tidemark, which is a thin wavy layer between the deep zone and calcified layer [15]. Overall, the complexity of the hierarchical structure and considerable differences visible in the gene

• expression profile of articular cartilage pose important challenges for TE. 3 Cartilage TE OA is a prevalent joint disease characterized by mechanical instability of the joints, cartilage destruction, subchondral bone thickening, inflammation of the synovium, osteophyte formation, degeneration of ligaments

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• absolute telomere length (TL) measurement, and gene and protein assessment of the cells, respectively. It was found that 2.5 µg/mL Ag-NPs caused elongation of the telomeres and altered VEGF, C-TnI, VWF, SMA, GATA-4, TERT, and cyclin D protein and gene expression in the cardiomyogenically differentiated BM

• -MSCs. Also, there was a significant increase in the protein and gene expression of Wnt3 and β-catenin as main components of pathways. We concluded that Ag-NPs could change the in vitro expression of cardiac markers of BM-MSCs via the Wnt3/β-catenin signaling pathway. Keywords: bone marrow-derived MSCs

• the protein and gene expression of TERT and cyclin D The effect of Ag-NPs on TERT protein and gene expression as telomerase catalytic subunit was investigated using western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. Also, the protein and gene expression of cyclin D as cell cycle checkpoint was

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• tumor subtype and define its common chromosomal translocations, shared mutations in oncogenes, gene expression profiles, and immune phenotypes. Such knowledge is important in the development of ligands for targeting a specific subpopulation of cells, based on their molecular profile and specific surface

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• electrophoresis. The cDNA was prepared using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using 1 µg of total RNA according to the protocol recommended by the manufacturer. Gene expression was measured by semi-quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green dye (Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix kit

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• oxidative stress and cause apoptosis. In addition, intracellular redox homeostasis and gene expression can be modulated [26]. Lanthanide ions are usually not reported as highly toxic. However, they can interact with proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules [27][28] and might also cause oxidative damage or

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• . Fluorescence microscopy images showed that the highest transfection efficiency was observed with 0.75 µg of pEGFP (Figure 3). No gene expression was obtained by adding only pEGFP in HL-1 cells (data not shown). The results shown in Figure 3b demonstrated that the transfection efficiency of pEGFP increased in a

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• RiboGreen RNA assay (ThermoFisher Scientific) and NanoOrange protein quantification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific), respectively. Knockdown of gene expression by VLP-siGFP MDA-MB-231/GFP cells were seeded in a 12-well plate when the cells reached 70% confluence; they were synchronized in basal media

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 and imaged with laser scanning confocal microscopy (Olympus FV1000, Tokyo, Japan). Gene expression analysis: VEGF gene silencing was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, AG22331, Eppendorf, Germany). About 3 × 105 A549 cells were

• quantified using SYBR green (BioRad, USA). The relative gene expression was calculated using the ΔΔCt method. β-actin was used as the house-keeping gene. The sequences of the primers used in the study are given in Table 1. Western blot analysis: Total protein was isolated from the A549 cells using cell lysis

• viability was assessed by one-way ANOVA, gene expression, protein expression and migration assay. The level of significance was found using Kruskal–Wallis statistical test or Bonferroni comparison test; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Discussion Complexation of siRNA The content of free

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• influence the promoter activity (gene expression), the activity of messenger RNA (mRNA), gene conformation (stability) and the translational efficiency. Keeping in mind the importance of these modifications, SNPs can be proposed as biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis of diseases, personalized medicine and

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10