Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• , abundance of raw materials, and cost-effective synthesis, CMC is now widely used in food, textile, pharmaceutical, and wastewater treatment industries. This study aims to synthesize a cellulose-based multicomponent adsorbent material (PGC) using commercial sodium CMC, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA

• hydroxy groups interact with the functional groups of the cross-linking agent, reducing the polymer’s water solubility while increasing its stiffness and chemical stability [35][36]. Glutaraldehyde (GA), a linear five-carbon dialdehyde, is regarded as a more effective cross-linking agent compared to

• interactions with functional acidic and basic groups, the cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde (GA), and an inorganic ion mixture (Ca2+ and Zn2+), which enhances the mechanical properties of the material by promoting the formation of a controlled hydrogen bonding network, thereby reinforcing the polymer matrix

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• diameter glass coverslips (CML, France) in a 24-well plate and exposed to FLG–TA concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg·mL−1. Adherent cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Euromedex, France) in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Euromedex, France) at pH 7.4 for 2 h. Cells were

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• to 25 μg/mL of GO–Chl for 24 h and washed with 1× PBS to remove any GO–Chl nanoconjugates not uptaken by the cells. Cells were then harvested using trypsin–EDTA, washed with 1× PBS followed by fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 4 h. Then, fixed cells were washed using 0.1 M of sodium cacodylate

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• between polymer chains, resulting in structures that are stable under deformation, exhibiting high stiffness and mechanical elasticity. This process is often facilitated by agents such as glutaraldehyde [174], epichlorohydrin, genipin, and citric acid [164]. Physical cross-linking involves non-covalent

• loaded with ampicillin sodium for burst drug release, and glutaraldehyde was applied as chemical cross-link to the nanofibers [139]. This treatment produced fine morphology and enhanced mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus improved from 36.5 to 198.1 MPa, and the tensile strength increased from 2.2

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer overnight. Samples were then rinsed twice in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer for 15 min each. Samples were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, and 100%) for 10–15 min each, followed by critical point drying (Electron

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• % glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) with a pH of 7.2, repeatedly rinsed in sodium cacodylate buffer and post-fixed for 1 h at 4 °C in 1% osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Fixed samples were repeatedly rinsed in

• Foretibiae were dissected from anaesthetised specimens (ten males and ten females), fixed for 12 h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences) at pH 7.2, repeatedly rinsed in the same buffer and dehydrated using ascending ethanol gradients (20%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 95%, and 100

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• was purified by NaCl precipitation at acidic and then neutral pH. Collagen sponges were prepared using purified type-I collagen, glutaraldehyde fixation, and freeze drying, also as previously described [17]. Stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) simulations of 5 keV gallium ions in skin The

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• support such an active transport mechanism was based on comparing data from normal mice with those obtained using the “Zombie” mouse model, in which the whole animal was fixed by transcardiac perfusion with a solution containing formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. We have discussed earlier several issues we

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• tarsomeres were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in (pH 7.4) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 24 h, washed two times in PBS for 30 min each, fixed in 1% aqueous OsO4 for 1 h, and washed two times in double-distilled water, for 30 min each. After fixation, the samples were dehydrated using an ascending ethanol

• , Germany) with 40× and 100× lenses. The images were processed using Adobe Photoshop (version CS6; Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Scanning electron microscopy Tarsi of M. extradentata were cut from adult females and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 24 h. Then, they were washed two times with

• sclerotization degree, green – the medium one, and blue – the lowest one (see Figure 1B). Micro-computed tomography A whole tarsus of an adult female M. extradentata was cut off at the base of the tibia, directly fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS, and washed in PBS. For the preparation of the µCT scan, the

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• due to the preparation process, which involves cross-linking of amino acid residues in proteins by glutaraldehyde (GA). As shown in Figure 3B, HSA retained its secondary structure, while both HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs lost their peptide bonds and secondary structure. The lack of secondary structure of

• ), manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2CO3) and glutaraldehyde (GA, 25% solution in water) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• % solution was purchased from PAN-Biotech GmbH, Aidenbach, Germany. Manganese chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium borohydride, sodium carbonate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutaraldehyde solution, grade II, 25% in H2O, as well as Triton™ X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany

• with the particles for 5 min. After washing in 0.9% NaCl solution, particles were centrifuged (3000g, 3 min), and the supernatant was decanted. Particles were then resuspended in 0.9% NaCl. For crosslinking, 0.02% glutaraldehyde (GA) was added to the particle suspension, which was then incubated for 1

• the case of our HbMPs containing human serum albumin, we assume that a conformational change within HSA might occur when the molecules are cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. Detection of this denatured protein by receptors of phagocytic cells would also be conceivable in this case to explain CD204’s part

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• properties of both black and white scales after introduction of a metal layer on top of the scales. Transmission electron microscopy In a similar manner to a procedure from [21], the tarsi and tibiae of Ae. albopictus were dissected from anaesthetized insects and fixed for 3 h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• could be observed. For exactly controlling the crosslinking time, the crosslinking reaction was abruptly stopped by the addition of sodium metabisulfite neutralizing unbound glutaraldehyde. There is a linear correlation between crosslinking time and Young’s moduli of the particles, as evident from the

• have been crosslinked for a longer time. A glutaraldehyde incubation time of 0.5 h resulted in a crosslinking degree of 54.3%. Increasing the crosslinking time to 3 h raised the crosslinking degree to 73.8%. Approximately 70% crosslinked primary amine functionalities seem to be the maximum possible

• degree when crosslinking gelatin nanoparticles with glutaraldehyde. Data in Table 1 as well as previously published data by Khan et al. for 24 h of crosslinking support this conclusion [18]. The Young’s moduli of gelatin nanoparticles in dependency of the crosslinking time are displayed in Figure 2. It

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• room temperature. These colonies were then collected and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde/cacodylate for 1 h at room temperature. The sample was washed three times with bi-distilled water and centrifuged at 3.000 rpm for 5 min to remove free BBR NPs. The sediment of samples was divided into two parts: One

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• immersed into a 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution, placed at room temperature for 30 min, and then taken out to air dry. The slides were treated with dimethyldichlorosilane for 5 min, washed, and dried. Acrylamide (40%) and bis-acrylamide (2%, Sigma-Aldrich) were mixed in at a certain proportion, followed by

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• glutaraldehyde as well as freezing and desiccating them. The authors tested the differently treated samples by three-point-bending tests and found that all the treatments, except for freezing, significantly affect the elastic modulus of fresh locust tibial cuticle [9]. A recent study suggests that, in addition

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• of water, membrane adsorption has been found to be the most efficient. For example, a nanohybrid membrane of PVA/CS crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor and incorporated with SiO2 has been prepared by Hosseini and co-workers [76]. They investigated the removal of organic dyes and found that the

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• may not be detected by standard tests due to low concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate how these bacteria would behave in the fabrication process. Biocidal effects are known for glutaraldehyde and for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chemicals that are used in the fabrication process

• final particle suspensions. Therefore, we conclude that the HbMP fabrication procedure is safe in respect of bacterial contamination. Keywords: bacterial safety; EDTA; glutaraldehyde; hemoglobin; microparticles; Introduction Artificial oxygen carriers used as red blood cell (RBC) substitutes have

• product. The production process includes several washing steps that could contribute to the depletion of a potential bacterial load. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is used for the inter- and, to a certain extent, intramolecular cross-linking of the hemoglobin molecules at a concentration of 0.02% [20][21]. It is

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• ®-coated TEM grid, air-dried, and examined by TEM (PBS was used as control). In addition, liver tissues obtained from animals treated with PVP-AgNPs were prepared for TEM examination. The specimens were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M of PB, pH 7.4. After rinsing in the same buffer, the specimens

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• suspension at 37 °C in CO2 incubator for 4 h. 0.2% Triton X-100 was used as positive control and PBS was taken as negative control [41]. After incubation, 50 μL of 2.5% glutaraldehyde was added to the sample in order to stop the process of hemolysis and centrifuged at 1000g for 10 min. Hemoglobin release was

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• ) glutaraldehyde, 2% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in NaCac buffer at room temperature for 30 min. After fixation at room temperature, the samples were transferred to the normal laboratory area and then fixed at 4 °C with fresh fixatives. The coverslips were subsequently washed and dehydrated in a graded series of

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• applied as the first step during sample preparation to prevent or limit alterations to biological materials during sample drying. Chemical fixatives such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, or a combination of the two (Karnovsky’s solution) cross-link proteins and lipids to physically stabilise samples [60

• ]. Glutaraldehyde (2–2.5%) fixation is usually performed at cold temperature (4 °C) to avoid the formation of artifacts and is well suited for samples containing a high density of cells, such as biofilms. The length of the fixation time should be varied depending on the sample. Before fixation, specimens are also

• study published in the same year, Bazou et al. employed HIM to image human colon cancer cells (Caco2) [9]. The glutaraldehyde-fixed and freeze-dried cells were imaged by both HIM and SEM to enable the direct comparison between the two instruments. HIM analysis of gold-coated and uncoated samples showed

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• % eradication of airborne bacteria [90]. Magnetic reduced graphene oxide functionalized with glutaraldehyde was synthesized to capture and eradicate both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) strains under NIR light irradiation [91]. It was shown that a solution containing 80 ppm of the

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• formation of PAA/PAH capsules via EDC crosslinking (Figure 3c) [26]. Similarly, the post crosslinking of PEI/PAA microcapsules via glutaraldehyde (GA) chemistry also resulted in better stability over a wide pH range [53]. These capsules successfully encapsulated dextran (2000 KDa) molecules without any

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• . In one study, Jana and co-workers reported the design of fluorescent and plasmonic nanohybrids by covalent attachment of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and Au nanorods. Further functionalization with glucose, using glutaraldehyde coupling chemistry, yielded nanohybrids that could subsequently be used