Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• /quantification using STM/STS? STS and orbital imaging provides unique fingerprints of point defects in TMDs including common impurities found in synthetically grown TMDs, such as oxygen substitutions (OX) [51][120] and carbon–hydrogen complexes () [121][122] at chalcogen sites, molybednum (MoM) [120], chromium

• shallow dopants. These can be modelled by the effective-mass hydrogenic model (essentially the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom, but using the effective mass of the band edges and screening of Coulomb interaction by the dielectric constant), which yields not only a small ionization energy, but

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• physical mixture. In the FC film, the absence of sharp endothermic transitions suggests molecular dispersion of curcumin within the polymeric matrix and the formation of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic associations, which likely contribute to reinforcement of the

• with negatively charged biological surfaces through electrostatic forces, while, under humid conditions, additional interactions with the stratum corneum may occur via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces [51]. Measurements of debonding distance (Figure 3C), which represents the distance travelled

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• bending vibration of ammonium ions, namely, a triplet with intense peaks in the 1350–1550 cm−1 range and a less intense doublet in the 1600–1800 cm−1 range, attributed to different types of hydrogen-bonded NH4+ complexes. Studies [20][21] of natural CLI from the Caimanes deposit, Cuba, and its nickel form

• , which, in turn, depends on their position within the zeolitic mineral. NH4+ species on numerous zeolites have similar FTIR profiles; in particular, they are characterized by a bending triplet, with intense peaks in the range of 1350–1550 cm−1, attributed to different types of hydrogen-bonded NH4

• + complexes, indicating the presence of bidentate and tridentate coordination modes [18][26][29][36]. The monodentate configuration has one hydrogen atom, out of four, that interacts with one oxygen atom of the framework; the bidentate configuration has two hydrogen atoms interacting with two different oxygen

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• aggregates stabilized by charge transfer, hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions [12][27][28]. Mechanistic studies indicate that the first step of ʟ-tyrosine polymerization involves hydroxylation of the aromatic ring at the C3 position [12][28][29], after which the pathway resembles dopamine

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• . Before the growth process, the pressure was brought to 1 atm by introducing a mixture of argon and hydrogen (30 and 20 sccm, respectively) through a stainless steel pipe. A solution containing ferrocene (2.3 wt %) dispersed in 10 mL of ethanol and stirred for 4 h was injected at a constant rate (5 mL·h−1

• pipe during the growth process. (3) The pressure of the gas mixture (argon, acetylene, and hydrogen at 200, 80, and 100 sccm, respectively) was higher than that adopted for the growth of the CNT film. (4) The process duration was 2 h. After cooling down the system, the reaction products were directly

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• (C–O, C=O, –OH) that can form hydrogen bonds or coordination interactions with citrate ligands and Au species [29][30]. These localized polar sites promote adsorption. Second, charge inhomogeneities on rGO arising from structural defects, residual oxygenated patches, and edge terminations create

• - compared to N-methyl-4-piperidone. This behavior is consistent with the increased steric bulk, which make the α-hydrogen abstraction step more difficult. The observed catalytic trends further confirm the robustness and adaptability of the Au/rGO catalysts for ODH of structurally related β-N-substituted

• intermediates required for α,β-hydrogen abstraction, thereby decreasing the overall catalytic efficiency. Minor by-products that have been observed for oxidative dehydrogenation/oxidation of N-methyl piperidone-type substrates include N-oxides (oxidation at the tertiary N), oxidative N-demethylation products

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• % H2O2 solution (Fisher Scientific) heated to 100 °C for 300 s. The Cu foil was gently placed on the H2O2 solution such that the Cu foil floated, and the top side was not exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the Cu foil was rinsed in DI water and IPA and dried with flowing N2. The surface

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• , changes in relative intensity and slight shifts in the amide and carbonyl bands were noted, suggesting intermolecular interactions between R-PE, 5-FU, and the lipid matrix. These spectral shifts are indicative of hydrogen bonding and rearrangement of the molecular microenvironment, phenomena commonly

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• that the sites of Au deposition ( reduction) are the locations of electrons from the nanoparticle transferred via PVP. Researchers made similar observations when electron beam lithography resist was exposed to hot electrons from AuNRs [86]. This study found hydrogen silsesquioxane underwent water

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 is electrochemically produced in real-time by utilizing a negative bias to an electrode, which converts dissolved oxygen in the flow cell. The linear range, LOD, and RSD for the detection of VB12 were 0.001–10 mg/L, 0.0035 mg/L, and less than 3.5%, respectively [102

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• . In other words, the nanoparticle has a non-centrosymmetric environment, which can simply be the presence of the gold surface. The noise-like feature at ~3400 cm−1 is assigned to hydrogen-bonded water as features above 3600 cm−1 should indicate non-hydrogen-bonded water. This is proof that water is

• , 30 min of exposure to D2O were insufficient to fully exchange the hydrogen atoms in the dimannose hydroxy groups [31]. However, given the large excess of D2O, it is expected to displace the thin layers of adsorbed water. As shown in Figure 5B, this expectation is confirmed: The CH region remains

• tendency. The observed excellent stability of dimanno-AuNPs may be associated with the physical constraint of the dimannoside being present during synthesis and the strong intra-NP hydrogen bonding interactions. These properties are also reflected in the macroscale structures formed upon adsorption

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• inadequate in scale and, in most cases, are not practically useful for real-world applications, especially in the context of advanced technologies. In this regard, more than 85% of nanomaterials synthesis and production processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, sulfuric acid

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• MPs. They are therefore ideal for use in high-altitude lakes [44]. The goal of chemical methods for MP remediation is to convert polymers into non-toxic substances. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) use strong oxidants like ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or hydroxyl radicals to break down MPs [45]. The

• most promising among them are photocatalytic processes that utilize titanium dioxide nanoparticles under UV radiation. These are very efficient degradation processes for degrading plastics to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water [43]. Fenton reactions, involving a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• for water adsorption and retention, owing to their large number of pendant hydrophilic groups and atoms capable of forming hydrogen bonds, such as nitrogen and oxygen. The second and third stages corresponded to the degradation and cleavage of the HA chains, resulting in mass losses of approximately

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• hydrogen and peroxide radicals, as well as hydroxide and hydrogen ions that are changing the liquid parameters (such as pH) and can participate in the processes occurring with NPs during the later stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing. The produced reactive species might result in NP surface

• during Mn target ablation in a nickel chloride solution, by the involvement of hydrogen radicals, hydroxide ions, and hydroxyl groups reacting with Ni2+ ions. The authors state further shape transformation of the formed nanosheets into hierarchical spheres. In a similar process, Hunter et al. [51

• ] prepared nanosheets of mixed nickel and iron hydroxide with a complex composition ([Ni1−xFex(OH)2](NO3)y(OH)x−y·nH2O). The authors used nanosecond ablation of the dispersed metal powders in a salt solution of the second element. The effect of hydrogen ions formed as a result of a liquid decomposition was

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• ) (PMOZ) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ) [82][83]. Structurally, these polymers have short alkyl side chains that contribute to high hydrophilicity and flexibility. Unlike the entangled PEG chains due to interchain hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, poly(2-oxazoline) chains have shorter side

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• secreted by the foot [4]. Each thread ends in an adhesive plaque composed of mussel foot proteins (Mfps), which are rich in the modified amino acid ʟ-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) [5]. DOPA is formed via post-translational hydroxylation of tyrosine and mediates wet surface adhesion through hydrogen

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• conventional treatments removing only 40–70%, especially struggling with smaller particles. Based mainly on mechanisms like electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and surface complexation, adsorbent nanomaterials achieve over 90% removal of MPs and

• general and MPs in particular. By using corncob biochar, Abdoul Magid et al. showed an adsorption of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) of about 19 mg·g−1. The main mechanisms of PSNP adsorption include increased surface area from pyrolysis and oxidation, hydrophobic interactions (fresh biochar), hydrogen

• between oppositely charged functional groups (amino and carboxyl groups), hydrogen bonding between oxygen-containing groups and amine or carboxyl groups, and π–π stacking between GO and the aromatic rings of MPs [68]. Similarly, obtaining an MP adsorption capacity above 90.4% after three cycles, Ko et al

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• piezoelectric performance of such promising materials for energy harvesting as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through strong hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy groups of LDHs and the electronegative fluorine atoms of PVDF [11]. In the work of Shetty et al., incorporation of a low content of sodium

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• × 1016 cm−2. This increase is accompanied by a slight decrease in the atomic concentration of oxygen and hydrogen, which decreases by 3 atom %, as indicated in Table 2 and Figure 3b. Next, we studied PI implanted with 20 keV Ag ions. It is clear from Figure 3c and Table 3 that there are only negligible

• elements such as oxygen and hydrogen in most cases (GO and PI). The most pronounced changes were achieved at an energy of 1.5 MeV and an ion fluence of 1 × 1016 cm−2. A similar trend was confirmed by XPS. We also observed changes in roughness as a result of ion irradiation. It was shown that the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• system. Consequently, coating the nanoparticle surface with hydrophilic polymers decreases hydrophobicity and enhances its stealth properties [64]. Polymeric coating strategies are instrumental in preventing interactions with mucin through hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonds, while also

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• revealed that H2 promotes the formation of a dense OH–H2O phase below the graphene. In contrast, CO alone showed minimal intercalation and instead scavenged oxygen. When CO and H2 were pulsed together, hydrogen modified the undercover chemistry: the formation of the OH-H2O phase lifts the graphene flake

• ) are coupled to the HIPPIE and SPECIES endstations to allow for photoirradiation in both UHV and ambient pressure environments (Figure 9) [44]. The most environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels is green hydrogen; however, producing it at a reasonable price remains challenging. A prominent

• application is photocatalytic water splitting for green hydrogen production. Urpelainen and colleagues clarified the mechanisms of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in a new prospective model system, the Ni@NiO/NiCO3 photocatalyst, under dark and illuminated conditions at 1 mbar of H2O [45

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spontaneously from the organization of active or natural compounds, without the presence of a carrier material or excipients. Their stability is due to the presence of intermolecular interactions, such as electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions [104][105]. Among the

• ) complex that targets the PD-L1 gene, a cell-penetrating peptide, and a tumor cell membrane derived from HepG2 cells. Characterization of the nanoparticles showed that the nanocomplex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic forces. In addition, confocal microscopy, gene