Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• within the range of 3600–3200 cm−1, with weaker bands in the vicinity of 3000–2800 cm−1. The former bands originate from stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups, encompassing both covalent (cb) and hydrogen bonds (hb), as well as aliphatic CHx groups, where x = 1,2 [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• , hydrogen bonding, and CH–π interactions, with surface complexation between Ca2+ and TCs being dominant. Batch adsorption experiments conducted to examine the factors influencing adsorption capacity revealed that PGC achieved up to 70% TC removal efficiency at an adsorbent dosage of 40 mg and an initial TC

• spectrum, the sample matrix, and the radiation intensity. Activated carbon is a conventional approach [10][11], however, a major drawback of activated carbon is its incomplete recovery after adsorption. Because adsorption primarily relies on physical interactions such as hydrogen bonding interactions

• + ions and TC for adsorption sites, along with the ionization of hydroxy groups and the subsequent formation of hydrogen bonds with TC molecules, results in a rapid increase in adsorption capacity. Beyond pH 7, adsorption capacity decreases sharply as TC transforms into negatively charged anions, causing

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• with trimethylindium and phosphine precursors. Axial p–n junctions were created by switching from diethylzinc to hydrogen sulfide as dopant precursors halfway during nanowire growth. More growth details can be found in references [18][30]. After growth, nanowires were mechanically transferred onto

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• include superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, are natural byproducts of the oxidative metabolism. Mammalian cells maintain balanced ROS levels for homeostasis and cellular proliferation. However, excess ROS creates an electron imbalance that triggers continuous electron transfer

• reactions, leading to oxidative stress [17]. Studies have shown that TA exhibits significant antioxidant properties by suppressing hydroxyl radical formation and neutralizing both superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. However, its antioxidant efficacy is concentration-dependent. While it shows

• hydrogen bonds and coat various surfaces [23]. Our results are compatible with a model where adsorbed TA molecules create a partially active antioxidant layer on the FLG surface, maintaining bioactivity while enhancing graphene colloid stability. Unfortunately, the zeta potential of the FLG–TA material in

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• exhibited less sharp peaks than APT because of a reduction of the polymer crystallinity. Also, the interaction of polymeric content with APT via hydrogen bonding converts the crystalline form of APT into an amorphous form [20]. TGA and DSC studies Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• difference between the DPPH method and the others can be explained by the different antioxidant mechanisms. DPPH is more useful in apolar surroundings and mainly involves hydrogen donation. ABTS is a method that includes electron and hydrogen donation, in addition to being useful for both nonpolar and polar

• surroundings, covering a wider spectrum of compounds [34]. Finally, FRAP evaluates the interaction of the compounds with a ferric complex (TPTZ-Fe3+), with hydrogen donation and reduction effects (TPTZ-Fe2+). Another point to be raised is the saturation of the system. In the DPPH test, the antioxidant activity

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• stability and give greater resistance against enzymatic hydrolysis [129]. Moreover, it promotes the formation of more hydrogen linkages that give greater biostability to PU-based biomaterials [130]. Polyether- and polyester-based PUs are prone to oxidation and hydrolysis, while polycarbonate-based PUs show

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• deposition with nickel as the catalyst and hydrogen as the plasma source. SEM and TEM characterization showed vertically aligned CNFs. This method highlights the impact of plasma conditions and gas ratios on CNF morphology and alignment [12]. An experiment by Li et al. showed CNT growth at decomposition

• at 1607 cm−1 and a few broad peaks, indicating less graphitization [14]. In another work, a high-density inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition method yielded vertically aligned CNFs using acetylene and hydrogen on a p-type Si wafer with a 10 nm Ni catalyst layer at 20 mTorr and 550 °C

• . discussed several applications of CNFs. Thin CNFs have a large surface area and are used for adsorptive hydrogen storage. Also, CNFs are used as electrode materials in supercapacitors. They can also be used for water purification and carbon capture and storage [20]. LPG gas contains a flammable mixture of

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• modalities, including hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding, leading to substantial inhibition of peptide aggregation [79]. In another innovative approach, Javed et al. evaluated the inhibitory potential of casein-coated AuNPs against oligomers through molecular dynamics simulations. Their findings demonstrated

• @CA-AuNP), which demonstrated strong inhibition of hen egg-white lysozyme oligomers (HEWLO) in comparison to fibrils (HEWLF) (Figure 4). The high density of carbohydrate moieties on the NP surface facilitated strong hydrogen bonding with protein oligomers, preventing their aggregation. Additionally

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• thin film correction, the metal content was determined to be 30 atom %, see Figure 3b. Hydrogen was not included in the calculation as it cannot be detected by the EDX technique. The total number of atoms in the pristine [Pd(tbaoac)2] precursor is 23 (excluding the 26 hydrogen atoms), which was reduced

• atoms (excluding the hydrogen atoms) for the precursors [Pd(η5-Cp)(η3-allyl)], [Pd(hfac)2], and [Pd(tbaoac)2] are 9, 27, and 23 atoms respectively. The compositions in Table 1 show that the precursors [Pd(hfac)2] and [Pd(tbaoac)2] resulted in a composition similar to that from [Pd(η5-Cp)(η3-allyl

• PdC2O0.5 of the FEBID material. Note that carbon co-deposition probably occurs from hydrocarbons. Hydrogen atoms cannot be quantified by EDX and are thus not illustrated here. The arrows symbolize the removal of the volatile fragments by the vacuum pump. (a) Nanopillar grown by [Pd(tbaoac)2]-assisted FEBID

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles of the materials obtained by both methods are shown in Figure 4. These profiles vary significantly depending on the used modification method. It has been reported that the cations supported on zeolites can be thermally reduced by hydrogen, which is influenced by

• the nature of co-cations present [19][20][21][22]. The TPR profiles display hydrogen consumption peaks at different temperatures, corresponding to the reduction of the nickel and cobalt cations arranged on the zeolite support. The TPR profiles of materials prepared via Imp show a greater number of

• hydrogen consumption peaks compared to those obtained by IE. Two peaks appeared centered at 170 °C and 500 °C for CoZIE, while CoZImp exhibits hydrogen consumption in the 150–350 °C range and three additional peaks centered at 390 (intense), 410, and 515 °C. Similarly, NiZIE exhibits two peaks at 380 (low

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• contact with water molecules. Our investigation revealed that triangular and rhombic pores induce wrinkles in non-deposited h-BN monolayers because of the repulsion between hydrogen orbitals at their 60° vertices. We found that the addition of N–H or B–H pairs at 60° vertices mitigates these out-of-plane

• hydrogen bonds with the N–H-terminated surface in rhombic pores, but not with the B–N-terminated surface, potentially leading to asymmetries in water flow through the pore area. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the interaction between nanoporous h-BN membranes and water. Keywords: boron

• chosen chemical reservoir (which may include molecules such as BH3, NH3, B2H6, H2O, and N2, or solid phases such as α-B and α-N) [33]. Here, nH represents the number of hydrogen atoms in the pore. We presume chemical equilibrium between the sources of B and N atoms and the h-BN sheet. Consequently, the

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• radical scavengers In laser-induced reduction, laser irradiation breaks down water molecules to produce various radical species. The standard electrode potentials of solvated electrons (e−aq) and hydrogen radicals (H•) are E0 = −2.77 V and E0 = −2.1 V, respectively [33]. It has been reported that solvated

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• 2854 cm−1 relate to the stretching vibration of carbon and hydrogen bonds. The peaks at 1030 and 1380 cm−1 are related to vibrational or in-plane bending of residual ethanol which was used for washing the nanoparticles and KBr pellet die set (used for pellet making for FTIR) [18][19]. Optical study of

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• interactions. Previous studies confirmed that PEG contains hydroxyl groups (–OH) that can form hydrogen bonds with the PCL carbonyl groups (C=O). These hydrogen bonds help stabilize the nanocomposite structure and improve its mechanical properties [33]. Optimization of PEG–PCL nanoparticle concentration The

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , hydrogen bonding, disulfide bond formation, or physical entanglement of polymers within the mesh-like mucus structure [9][10]. Sodium alginate is a linear polysaccharide composed of 1,4-linked β-ᴅ-mannuronic acid and α-ʟ-guluronic acid residues. Alginate can be used to form porous matrix-type drug delivery

• intermolecular hydrogen bonding and secondary interactions resulting from the interpenetration of polymer chains of mucin into the structure of the nanoparticles. The presence of positively charged Eudragit polymer on the surface of nanoparticles yield additional electrostatic interactions, which are known to be

• ; after 1 h this value increased to (69 ± 1)%, which is not statistically significant. This suggests that the surface of the nanoparticle is saturated with mucin within the first 15 min because of the formation of weak interactions such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic interactions

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction. Keywords: catalysis; composite; electroreduction; gold nanoparticles; impedance; Introduction The main challenge in the manufacturing of nanocatalyst-containing electrodes is the attachment of nanoparticles on electrode supports. Nanoparticles

• , electrolyte (Figure 6). Gas chromatography (GC) was used to identify products. In mildly alkaline electrolytes, as used here, gold-catalyzed aqueous bicarbonate reduction to hydrogen has been reported [66][67]. Our electrocatalysis testing revealed increased durability and electrochemical performance of

• produced predominantly hydrogen in aqueous bicarbonate reduction. Minor amounts of CO2 were additionally detected in the GC data, likely from the reaction of protons with bicarbonate. No other gases were detected (cf. Supporting Information File 1, Figures S2–S4). GC data of a control experiment at open

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• . P4170), Triton X-100 (Cat. No. T8787), monodansylcadaverine (MDC; Cat. No. D4008), anti-SQSTM1 (Cat. No. P0067), anti-MLKL primary antibody (Cat. No. SAB5700808), protein A/G agarose beads (Cat. No. IP10), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; Cat. No. H1009) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• high solubility [53]. This phenomenon makes it difficult to electrospin chitosan because of its high viscosity [54]. Moreover, the formation of strong hydrogen bonds in a 3D network contributes to difficulties in the mobility of polymeric chains when an electric field is applied [55]. Because of these

• compared to pure PVA nanofibers, said to be due to hydrogen bond formation between chitosan and PVA. Olvera Bernal et al. [58] studied different concentrations of chitosan between 2.5% and 4% (w/w) in the chitosan/PVA membrane, while keeping the PVA concentration constant at 5% (w/w). The Young’s modulus

• explained by the formation of strong hydrogen bonds in the chitosan/PVA nanofiber matrix induced by the O2 plasma, leading to a high cross-link density in the nanofibers and resulting in substantial load transfer to the nanofiber matrix [172]. Additionally, the O2 plasma treatment assists in the formation

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• hydrogen electrode (NHE)). In this reductive pathway, the photoexcited electrons have the ability to interact with electron acceptors, like O2, which can be found on the catalyst surface or dissolved in water. This reaction reduces O2, forming a superoxide radical anion (O2•−) (O2 + e− → O2•−) [35][55

• capabilities in degrading CIP (82.6% within 2 h) and generating hydrogen from rainwater. The effective separation and mobility of photogenerated charge carriers were credited to the role of Ag nanoparticles as electron mediators. There are some other observations, which are shown below in Table 4. Graphene

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• nanoparticle synthesis was shown to produce gas phases consisting of hydrogen [11][12][13], carbon dioxide [12][14], and carbon monoxide [12][14], as well as carbon-based gases such as methane or C2 hydrocarbons [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition to gaseous by-products, the decomposition was found to produce

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• that TMZ is both physically entrapped in the tubes and wrapped around the CNs because of electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with CNs and PEG6000. This assumption is supported by the similar values for loading efficacy and drug content of covalently PEGylated TMZ-loaded MWCNTs and hybrid

• -FA-TMZ (Figure 4d), but are slightly shifted to 3346, 3389, 3423, 2921, and 2853 cm−1, serving as a spectroscopic evidence for the existence of non-covalent interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen bond, and/or van der Waals forces) between CNs and TMZ. From comparison of the ATR-FTIR spectrum of TMZ

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• applications. The nHA carrier is hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in powder form, comprising the elements calcium, phosphorous, oxygen, and hydrogen. These elements provide nutrients that support the viability of rhizobacteria. Water within the carrier also plays a crucial role in maintaining the viability of

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• functionalization of MOFs before MMM preparation can enhance MOF–polymer compatibility by enabling the formation of hydrogen bonds between the MOF and the hydrogen bond donors in the polymer matrix [33]. 3.5 Importance of interfacial morphology An optimal MOF–polymer matrix interface, schematically illustrated in

• -free MMM as illustrated in Figure 7a. In another study, Khosravi et al. [33] functionalized HKUST-1 with amines to improve adhesion with a Pebax® 1657 polymer matrix through hydrogen bonding, illustrated in Figure 7c. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an increase in Tg of the MMM, indicating

• reduced polymer chain flexibility. The effect was more pronounced in NH2-HKUST-1/Pebax®, suggesting the formation of hydrogen bonds between the amine-functionalized MOF surface and polymer chains. Alternatively, optimizing the MOF–polymer interface can be achieved through polymer functionalization, Figure

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• interact with a lipid bilayer model, providing insights into their potential roles in enhancing membrane permeability. MD simulations offer a detailed examination of these interactions, with Figure 6 highlighting critical aspects such as density distribution and hydrogen bonding over a 200 ns timescale

• the membrane surface rather than penetrating deeply. This distribution reflects AUR’s amphipathic nature, where the peptide’s hydrophilic regions interact with the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic regions associate with the lipid headgroups. The hydrogen bond analysis (Figure 6b,d

• ) complements these observations by quantifying the interactions between the molecules and the lipid components. For OLA, the analysis reveals a relatively low number of hydrogen bonds with the lipid headgroups, averaging 0.27 ± 0.447 with POPC and 0.13 ± 0.361 with POPG. This limited hydrogen bonding is