Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• after four wash cycles. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Fabian Humberto Alonso and M. C. Pedro Casillas Figueroa for technical support. The image of the mask in the Graphical Abstract was created by Dacreativo via Pixabay (https://pixabay.com/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• oscillator as a starting material for Au, and with TiO2 with Cody–Lorentz oscillators as starting material for TiO2. Scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi SU8030) was used to obtain the cross-sectional image (below in Figure 4a), with the sample oriented to expose the ENZ material edge to the electron beam

• the deposited layers. In Table 1, we can see that we have widths for every stack that are different from the ones proposed for the simulated ENZ points. This change in thickness was also seen in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In Figure 4a we present a SEM image of the ML800 structure; we see that

• dm = 10 nm gold layer measured using spectral ellipsometry compared to the one reported in literature. We observe that the resulting permittivity is almost similar to the one used for the simulations. (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of the ML800 structure. We see that the deposited layers have

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• , Pdet = 6.5 µm pixel size, 2048 × 2048 pixel, 16 bit image depth) with a 10 µm Gadox scintillator was used as the detector. For high-contrast and low-dose imaging, holotomography was applied as the phase contrast technique. Here, a gold Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 300 µm was used [30]. By

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen gas sorption surface area analysis using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory were employed to evaluate the surface structure, porosity, and overall texture of the materials. The SEM image in Figure 2a reveals the typical structure of AC, characterized by

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• of 30 nA were used for sputtering cycles. The interleaved image spectra were acquired using 25 keV Bi3+ ions from a liquid metal ion gun, orientated at 45° to the sample surface. This was operated at an ion current of 0.1 pA, in an interlaced mode with a cycle time of 100 µs, in spectroscopy mode to

• sputtered depth as shown in Figure 3, with all images from the first ≈50 nm of the profile combined into a single image on the left, and the corresponding 3D image on the right. Regions where there was no obvious graphene-related signal were excluded from the reconstructions for clarity and are seen in the

• image as black. In the case of the BO sample, where we observed clear evidence of individual graphene domains (>100 µm) on the surface in Figure 1a, there is virtually no observable oxygen signal (O−) detected under the graphene layer, with only trace amounts related to surface contamination from

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• images were captured using the Nanosurf C3000i software and subsequently processed and analyzed with the Gwyddion v 2.66 software, which was used for image leveling, coloring, 3D visualization of the specimens, and roughness analysis [26]. 2.3.5.1 Atomic force microscopy roughness calculation. Roughness

• analyses were done by using the Gwyddion software. Each z-axis (height) of the image was previously processed to level it, which included shifting the minimum data value to zero, mean plane subtraction, and row alignment using the median of the differences function. After these steps, the statistical

• quantities tool provided in the Gwyddion software calculated single values for Rq and Ra (the root mean square roughness and arithmetic mean roughness, respectively) for each image obtained, considering the entire scanned area without any masking. These values and their standard deviation were calculated

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• , several independent areas were measured on each sample, ranging from 1 × 1 µm2 to 10 × 10 µm2. To obtain high-quality images, the scan speed was set to 750 nm·s−1 with 512 lines per frame, typically taking 30–35 min for a 10 × 10 µm2 image. The wedge method measurements were conducted at 60% relative

• in Figure 2a was measured to 7 nm, as evidenced by the corresponding 3D image in Figure 2d. The NP features visible in Figure 2a appear to have uniform shape and size. This indicates that the NPs are smaller than the AFM tip (tip radius ≤ 10 nm), and the tip-convolution effect [41] results in images

• representing rather the tip shape than the actual NPs. Figure 2b indicates that the number of NPs is reduced after each scan. The streaky features at the lower area of the image, highlighted by red, green, and white circles, represent signatures of pushing events. These streaks indicate where NPs have been

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• and 2.5 mg·mL−1. Figure 4a presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the UC fluorescence signal at 550 nm for the higher concentration (2.5 mg·mL−1) sample. The image reveals the characteristic aggregation of lipid-coated UCNPs, forming macroliposomes of approximately 30 µm diameter within the

• agarose gel. A corresponding volumetric image was also acquired at the 525 nm band (not shown) to compute the FIR. Pairs of these images were taken at different temperatures to establish the temperature-dependent FIR calibration. For each sample, approximately 25 macroliposomes were analyzed. Although the

• currently developing an alternative approach based on color CMOS detection, which retrieves the spectral intensity from a single RGB image and eliminates the need for mechanical filter switching. This strategy, though beyond the scope of the present work, is expected to enable true real-time 3D

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• within the black dashed rectangle in Figure 1). The purpose of the samples under study is to develop the wideband matching circuits between the LO and HM and implement the phase locking loop (PLL) for a new type of LO [42]. The image of one of the experimental samples captured by an optical microscope is

• corresponding resonance frequency is below the operating range of the samples, we will not discuss these effects here. At certain parameter values, the IVC of the single JJ exhibits a number of features that can be quantitatively described by the RLCSJ model, as shown in [38][45][46]. The image of the

• image of the junctions in the array. The length of each of the three sections of the array is 2 mm (the major part is not shown for visibility). The dashed red line shows the cross-section of the layers illustrated in Figure 3. Cross-section of the technological layers near the JJ and the shunt (see the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• average size of approximately 40 nm. The size distribution histogram (Figure 1b) confirms the uniformity of particle sizes, while a magnified image (Figure 1c) highlights the polyhedral morphology. The selected-area electron diffraction pattern (Figure 1d) exhibits distinct diffraction spots that can be

• –shell spinel ferrites for magnetic hyperthermia and related biomedical applications. (a) TEM images (bright field) of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs (40 nm). (b) Size distribution histogram of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs. (c) Zoom on the framed part in yellow (a). (d) HRTEM image of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs. (e) Diffraction pattern of

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• manufacturing [27], and mechanical photoresponsiveness [21] on the morphology, and the potential to correlate with confidence between morphology and these and other properties. Results and Discussion Confocal imaging ZnPc@Gel The attempts at using CLSM to image the hydrogels containing ZnPc met with significant

• relies on fluorescence to visualize hydrated gels directly, cryo-SEM provides an electron-based image of frozen desolvated gels. Rapidly freezing the sample (plunge-freezing in liquid nitrogen slush followed by freeze-fracture) preserves its near-native hydrated structure (usually not the case, often ice

• -assembled hydrogel. These differences indicate that the choice of fluorophore can critically impact not only the quality of CLSM imaging but also the interpretation of gel morphology. ZnPc requires high loadings to be visualized by CLSM; yet, even at such concentrations, image clarity is poor, and the gel

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• applications of cPNSs fabricated using CPL. Keywords: circular dichroism; circularly polarized light; plasmonic nanocrystals; Introduction An object is considered chiral when it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Homochirality is a feature of life on Earth. For example, amino acids in living

• microscopy by exciting samples with an evanescent field. An optical image with tens of nanometers or higher spatial resolution is generated with a probe scanning the sample, recording the light-matter interaction in the near field of the sample. Polarimetry of the optical near field can be collected using

• NSOM. Figure 8a maps the near-field ellipticity about an achiral gold nanorectangle under linearly polarized light excitation [126] and illustrates the experimental principle with the definition of the ellipticity angle. The polarimetry map of the NSOM image is qualitatively in line with previous

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• . The images were examined by using picoView 1.14 software (Keysight). AFM images were analyzed after scanning with WSxM 5.0 Develop software version 8.0 [50] for obtaining the maximum height of the particles and height profiles. For this, the images were processed by levelling the plane of the image

• dimanno-AuNP (black) and PEG AuNP (red) solutions, obtained by DLS. SEM images of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs adsorbed to a hydrophilic surface. (A) Dimanno-AuNPs and (B) PEG AuNPs (scale bars: 100 nm). (C, D) Particle diameter histograms from (A) and (B), respectively. STEM image of negatively stained

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• . Surface tension Surface tension was measured using the pendant droplet method with a drop-shape analyzer (DAS-100, KRÜSS GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). Microemulsion droplets (17 µL) were formed at the tip of a stainless-steel needle and analyzed by image capture and subsequent software processing to calculate

• ® and additional licensed figures. The image of the beaker was provided by Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); The image of the GC–MS was adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki

• /File:Gas_chromatographs_with_functional_detectors_in_CAFIA_laboratory,_Czech_Republic.jpg, © 2021 by Sarka Na kopci, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0; The image of “Thermal analysis” was reproduced from https

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• findings were consistent across various imaging modalities. Analyzing the HRTEM image in Figure 2c revealed a lattice d-spacing of 3.214 Å, corresponding precisely to the (111) crystallographic planes. The SAED patterns in Figure 2d exhibited distinct, discontinuous diffraction rings with sharp points

• inset in Figure 2c. The particle size distribution graphs in this image unequivocally affirmed the successful attainment of the desired homogeneity. Biological applications Antibacterial activity of AgSbS2 NCs Disc diffusion. The antimicrobial activity of AgSbS2 NCs at a concentration of 10 mg/mL

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• phase images compared to adhesion maps. Notably, the third eigenmode phase image provided the highest contrast, enabling clear distinction between thinner and thicker nanosheet regions. For the NSC15/Al BS probe (Figure 4), the lock-in amplifier detected the first two eigenmodes. Measurements were

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• applications in various fields. Structure of the tubes of Sabellaria alveolata. Picture of a reef fragment (Champeaux, Bay of Mont Saint-Michel) (A), with detailed views of the natural tubes (B, C). SEM image of an epoxy-embedded tube in cross section showing the arrangement of mineral particles (D

• showing cilia (D). Backscattered electron image of a longitudinal section through one building organ lobe showing secretory granules travelling towards the pit-like opening (E). Detail of the pit-like opening (F). Backscattered electron images of the two types of cement granules found in the adhesive

• . (A) SEM backscattered electron image with EDS spatial maps for phosphorus and sodium for the two types of cement cells. (B) SEM secondary electron image with EDS spatial maps for magnesium and phosphorus for the two types of cement cells. (C) Representative EDS spectra from the homogeneous granules

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• were analyzed first by generating net count (background subtracted) maps of the elements. Figure 3a shows the SEM EDX hyperspectral mapping analysis results for precursor 4 after Ga FIB decomposition experiments, including the BSE image and the corresponding elemental net count Kα maps for the elements

• : BSE image and corresponding elemental net count maps of C K, O K, F K, Si K, and Ag L lines. Results of machine learning NMF decomposition of the collected SEM EDX hyperspectral data b)–d). NMF loadings showing spatial distribution of the NMF decomposition components b) substrate, c) structures

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• magnetron sputtering with separate lithography, and (f) single SINIS detector with suspended Hf absorber. Aharonov–Bohm structure. (а) SEM image of the sample made by Manhattan-type SINIS fabrication and (b) I–V curve and dynamic resistance of the Aharonov–Bohm interferometer at 330 mK. NIS thermometer