Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• responsible for the decent rate capability and superior capacity of the PG-CDs-AgNPs electrode. To evaluate the capability of charge carrying within the electrode and the capacitive property of PG-CDs-AgNPs, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were also implemented. The Nyquist plots of

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• content increased in the order of Ni/NiO/SS-5 < Ni/NiO/SS-10 < Ni/NiO/SS-15 < Ni/NiO/SS-20, confirmed by EDX analysis. Overall, the material obtained at 10 sccm O2 flow rate has the most suitable O/Ni ratio among the four materials and thus exhibited the best HER efficiency [18]. Electrochemical impedance

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• electrical drive frequencies. Thus, the experiments can be performed at almost arbitrarily high AC frequencies. The lower limit for the frequency range is given by the second resonance of the cantilever. Towards higher frequencies, the impedance of the electrical connection will introduce a damping of the

• attribute to a capacitive singularity in the electrical connection to the sample. We observed a similar behavior in the frequency range between 5 and 10 MHz and around 17 MHz. We want to point out that we used standard AFM equipment with no special means to control the impedance of the electrical

• operation using standard AFM equipment together with an external LIA up to a frequency of 5 MHz. At higher frequencies (up to 50 MHz in our case), the signals were dominated by impedance effects from the signal connections. Thus, to move towards reliable measurements at higher frequencies, specialized high

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , followed by blocking with bovine serum albumin to minimize nonspecific hydrophobic binding. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to measure the change in

• was coupled to an automated microfluidics system, and no significant decrease of the electrochemical signal was observed. Keywords: charge transfer; cyclic voltammetry; differential pulse voltammetry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrodeposition; Introduction Viral infections pose a

• albumin (BSA) (Figure 3). This suggests that the final sensing platform preserved the favorable electrochemical properties achieved using AuNFs functionalized with 4-ATP. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to study the charge transfer processes at the surface of the modified

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• different types of oxygen species (one at 528 eV due to lattice oxygen of ZnO and another at 530 eV due to presence of surface hydroxy group) [25][26]. Cyclic voltammetry of modified Ag@ZnO nanorods/gold electrode Figure 8 presents the results of an impedance analysis using a frequency-response analyzer

• (FRA) potentiostat on both fabricated Ag–ZnO/Au electrodes and bare gold electrodes. The modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode exhibits higher impedance than that of the bare gold electrode. This higher impedance leads to better sensitivity, better electron exchange, and can provide more information about the

• electrochemical process. The higher impedance of the modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode improved signal-to-noise ratio, which means that the electrode can better distinguish the electrochemical signal of the analyte from background noise, resulting in more accurate results. Furthermore, a higher impedance of the

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction. Keywords: catalysis; composite; electroreduction; gold nanoparticles; impedance; Introduction The main challenge in the manufacturing of nanocatalyst-containing electrodes is the attachment of nanoparticles on electrode supports. Nanoparticles

• composites as cathodes in electrocatalytic aqueous bicarbonate reduction and compared their performance and electrical impedance to analogous electrodes that were conventionally prepared by electrostatically attaching commercial nucleation grown and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles to carbon fiber paper

• , evident from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data (Figure 5B). Impedance, measured in an electrochemical setup, is the time-dependent opposition to alternating current stemming from the combined effect of ohmic resistance, capacitance, and phase elements in an electronic circuit. Impedance is

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out at room temperature using a three-electrode cell with 0.1 M KCl electrolyte. The ZnO NP electrode was measured at scan rates from 10 to 50 mV/s. The measurements revealed reversibility and electrode load efficiency along with

• peak current, though a steady addition led to decreased currents, possibly due to surface accumulation. The Nyquist plots display a larger impedance for ZnO electrodes. To fit the data into an analogous circuit, an uninterrupted phase element (Q1) was introduced with the adjustable parameters angular

• ) Nyquist plots representing impedance spectra from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. (d) Concentration vs peak current graph derived from CV studies. (a) Antibacterial activity assessment against human pathogens showing the zone of inhibition in millimeters. (b) Visual representation of an

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• in the electrode material. Electrochemical property The Nyquist diagrams in Figure 5 were obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 0.1 M KCl solution containing 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Based on the EIS analysis, the charge transfer resistances (Rct) of CPE, CuBTC@CPE, and (Cu)(Fe

• Informatics in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed by using an Autolab PGSTAT 302 in a frequency range of 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz. A three-electrode electrochemical setup was used including a platinum wire counter

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• is calculated as the ratio of temperature to resistance multiplied by the derivative of resistance by temperature . By analogy, we define the sensitivity of resistance to changes in current . For small signals, the TES impedance is represented as a series: , where R0, T0, and I0 stand for the

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• –aluminium alloy [161]. ND coatings can exhibit the same behavior as graphene-related materials because of their low chemical reactivity. Nezamdoust et al. [162] coated a magnesium alloy with a 20 nm layer of NDs and measured the corrosion rate in Harrison solution by means of electrochemical impedance

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• excitation and read-out, the microwave resonator is coupled to the transmission line with impedance Z0 = 50 Ω, giving a measured (total) quality factor Qtot, where Qint and Qext are the internal and external quality factors of the microwave resonator. We introduce a shunt inductor with inductance Ls in order

• lower resonant frequencies of the inductor and the series capacitor, the current is uniformly distributed inside the meandering nanowire, confirming that it behaves as a lumped-element inductor. We also see that, on resonance, the current in the impedance-transforming shunt inductor reaches a magnitude

• transmission line with impedance Z0 = 50 Ω for low values of Ls. The external losses increase as the inductance of the shunt Ls increases. The circuit is first critically coupled for and then overcoupled for , indicated by the shaded area. The phase response is sharper when the circuit is slightly overcoupled

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• was determined. The resistivity of the layers was determined using impedance spectroscopy. Simulations (General-Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model) showed a performance improvement in the cells with quantum dots of 0.36–1.45% compared to those without quantum dots. Keywords: efficiency; luminescence

• were applied to gold foils. A system equipped with a Solartron 1260A frequency response analyzer, a Solartron 1296A dielectric interface, and a supervisory computer was prepared to determine the impedance parameters of the obtained structures. The impedance characteristics of the obtained samples were

• determined in a wide frequency range from 10−1 to 106 Hz at room temperature. The amplitude of the alternating current signal was set to 0.1 V. The ZView software was used to analyze the recorded impedance spectra. Results and Discussion UV–vis spectroscopy The pure quantum dots exhibit absorption in the

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• were tested in terms of their electrical properties, showing that an increase in the concentration of conductive particles in the hydrogel structure translates into a lowering of the impedance modulus and an increase in the double-layer capacitance of the electrode. This, in turn, resulted in a higher

• (blocks) signals from other compounds. Electrical properties of hydrogel composites Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to characterise the electrical properties of hydrogel-based structures. The impedance modulus |Z| decreased with the increase in the amount of cCB contained in the

• hydrogel structure. The changes are within the range of 79.7–1390.5 kΩ at 0.01 Hz and 3.5–18.6 kΩ at 1 Hz. The trend of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results shows the capacitive-dominant nature of the hydrogel for all analysed hydrogel-based electrodes. Three different regions were

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• , and σ (Ω·s−0.5) is the Warburg coefficient derived from the linear fit of the real part of the impedance (Z′, Ω) as a function of the angular frequency to the power of −0.5 (ω−0.5, s−0.5): As shown in Table 2, the value of Ge/C-iM750 is 2.37 × 10−16 cm2·s−1, 17.7 times higher than that of pure Ge

• . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out at the open-circuit voltage of the assembled cells after 6 h of resting on a Biologic VSP3 potentiostat. A sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 10.0 mV and a frequency varying exponentially from 10 mHz to 100 kHz was used. (a) XRD patterns, (b) FTIR

• results of the real part of the impedance (Z′, Ω) as a function of the angular frequency to the power of −0.5 (ω−0.5, s−0.5). Summarized results of the electrochemical performance of all electrodes (the specific current was 100 mA·g−1 for the first five cycles and 1000 mA·g−1 for the subsequent cycles

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• , the sensor’s oxidation–reduction behavior was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to study the electrochemical properties of the modified the GQDs/GCE working electrode, which showed excellent charge transfer properties. We measured malathion in varying concentrations

• between 1 to 30 µM using differential pulse voltammetry, which resulted in a limit of detection of 0.62 nM. GQDs can thus be used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of pesticides in water. Keywords: cyclic voltammetry; differential pulse voltammetry; electrochemical impedance

• /reduction behavior and charge transfer resistance, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. An investigation of the relationship between concentrations and peak currents was conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In this study, the modified GQD electrodes

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• , Riga, Latvia 10.3762/bjnano.14.54 Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied for studying copper oxide (CuO) nanowire networks assembled between metallic microelectrodes by dielectrophoresis. The influence of relative humidity (RH) on electrical characteristics of the CuO nanowire

• -based system was assessed by measurements of the impedance Z. A slight increase of Z with increasing RH at low humidity was followed by a three orders of magnitude decrease of Z at RH above 50–60%. The two opposite trends observed across the range of the examined RH of 5–97% can be caused by water

• equivalent circuit parameters obtained by fitting impedance spectra. The new investigation data can be useful to predict the behavior of nanostructured CuO in humid environments, which is favorable for advancing technology of nanowire-based systems suitable for sensor applications. Keywords: CuO

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• identification of these emerging contaminants, such as chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, have also attracted a lot of interest [7]. Electrochemical biosensors are created by functionalizing the nanomaterial on the working electrode with biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, enzymes

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• samples is simulated based on the transmission line theory (Figure 4). The reflection loss of the hybrid/wax mixtures as a function of the frequency is determined from Z0 and Zin according to the following equation: where Z0 and Zin are the impedance of free space and the input impedance, respectively

• the highest value of dielectric tangent loss (Figure 5a), its impedance is not as high as that of the other SCZ samples (Figure 5b). A good EM absorber needs to exhibit high absorption and little reflection, which means an impedance matching is also necessary by controlling the values of ε′ and ε

• images derived from the red box area in image (b). XPS survey spectra of SCZ samples. 3D RL plots of the hybrids with different sample thicknesses in the range of 2–18 GHz with 30 wt % filler load. (a) SCZ0.5; (b) SCZ1; (c) SCZ2; (d) SCZ4. Dielectric tangent loss and impedance of SCZ/wax samples in the

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• the improvement in the OER of NiFe-GO with the higher Qdep of NiFe and GO resulted mainly from the NiFe structure and the electroactive surface area and the porosity of GO. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed in order to determine the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• probe is expressed as where CLF is the low-frequency tip–sample capacitance. The equivalent circuit for this capacitance CLF is shown in Figure 3b. Note that this equivalent circuit is equal to the equivalent circuit of the impedance model (SRH model) of the MIS structure (Figure 3a), neglecting the

• resistance component Rit. This result suggests a similarity between conventional impedance measurements and electrostatic force measurements in semiconductor surface and interface evaluation techniques. The average distance between the tip and the sample is zto, and the amplitude and frequency of the

• capacitance. The equivalent circuit for this capacitance CHF is shown in Figure 3c. Note that this equivalent circuit is equal to the equivalent circuit of the impedance of the MIS structure derived from the SRH model (Figure 3a), neglecting the capacitance component Cit and resistance component Rit due to

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• large impedance mismatch between a Josephson junction (JJ) and free space [10][16][17]. But there is no consensus about the value of the junction impedance: Is it very small [16] or, in contrast, very large [10]? At present, there is no clear understanding about what causes the impedance mismatch and

• radiative impedance, Zrad. For a patch with a very thin insulator (as is the case for a tunnel JJ), the radiative admittance of one slot, 1/Zrad1 = G1 + iB1, contains a large imaginary part B1, caused by the large capacitance. However, at the cavity mode resonance the imaginary contributions from the two

• slots cancel out [34][36][39] and the radiative impedance becomes real. Therefore, at the resonance the radiation power from one slot is where |v(0,a)| is the amplitude of voltage oscillations at the slot (x = 0,a) and G1 is the radiative conductance of the single slot. Low-Tc JJs are operating at sub

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• deposition substrate for a thin silver film of 48 nm. The incident angles were referenced to the air–prism interface. The sinusoidal current was generated using a function generator with a current buffer to ensure impedance matching to the system under investigation. A transimpedance-amplified photodiode

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• ][15][16][17][18]. The performance of Josephson oscillators is limited by impedance mismatch [18][19] and self-heating [13][17][20][21]. Proper device engineering can obviate these obstacles and improve the performance [18]. A single JJ is able to emit EMWs, but with a low power [22]. Therefore

• resonant step in the I–Vs, implying that the emission is facilitated by the cavity modes [9][32][33][34]. We conclude that the long electrodes in the studied arrays are acting both as external resonators and microwave antennas. The large length (approx. 1 cm) of the electrodes facilitates good impedance

• using photolithography and reactive ion etching. The JJ sensor with variable thickness and a width of ≈100 nm is made by Ga+ focused ion beam etching. The JJ is made small in order to increase its resistance Rn to approx. 50 Ω, which is needed for a good impedance matching with the antenna. In order to

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• with previous publications [50][51][52]. Figure 5 shows the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), that is, Nyquist and Mott–Schottky plots of the materials, which give information about the charge transfer mechanism at the interface. In Figure 5a, the Nyquist plots of the samples all

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• electrode [35]. Based on the cyclic voltammetry results, it could be suggested that the TiO2@MWCNTs electrode is superior regarding photoelectrochemical application compared to TiO2 and MWCNTs electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is applied to characterize the electron-transfer property