Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• knockdown efficiency of C12 LNPs. Moreover, the addition of ApoE to HI FCS did not increase knockdown compared to HI FCS in U87 or MDA-MB-231 (Figure 5). Collectively, our results show that the source and condition of serum components, such as ApoE, define the performance of MC3 LNPs in in vitro studies

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• dermal matrix [85]. In vitro studies showed that the use of electrospun silk nanofibers favors the attachment of human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and deposition of collagen type I [86]. Silk can be processed into hydrogels, scaffolds, and films with the incorporation of bioactive factors such as growth

• scaffold was cytocompatible and osteoconductive. In vitro studies showed that the scaffold successfully supported the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, and growth of neural stem cells. The combination of BMP2, VEGF, and NGF

• cross-linking were used to develop a silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (SF/CS/nHA) scaffold in three different concentrations (3%, 4%, and 5%). The 4% SF/CS/nHA scaffold was shown to be the most effective for bone repair. In vitro studies involved seeding bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• activity of a series of transferrin-conjugated LPNs with varied physicochemical properties, designed to deliver a phosphorothioate ASO targeting ribonucleotide nuclease R1 [114]. Experimental and in vitro studies indicated that optimal biostability and cytocompatibility were achieved with particles bearing

• the antitumoral activity of Ku86 ASOs complexed with Pluronic (P85)–PEI (2 kDa) conjugates [123]. In vitro studies revealed a significant reduction in Ku86 protein levels and increased apoptosis rates following radiotherapy in cells treated with these cationic polyplexes. Moreover, experimental

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , 190, 12, and 4 h of exposure, respectively [6]. The sub-lethal chronic effects of SDS were observed on the survival, metabolic processes, and development of juvenile Centropomus parallelus specimens exposed to the compound at three distinct salinity levels [7]. In vitro studies on bovine lenses at an

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , A2033), poloxamer 407 (16758), calcium chloride, and mucin from porcine stomach (M1778) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Sunflower oil and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) were from TCI Chemicals, USA. For in vitro studies, high-glucose DMEM and Pen-Step solution were purchased from Sartorius

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• consist of a polymeric core coated with a phospholipid layer enabling the loading of multiple agents. Moreover, Craparo et al. have demonstrated their effectiveness in COPD treatment in preliminary in vitro studies incorporating a mannose-conjugated ligand targeting CD206 receptors on AMs [113]. 6.2.2

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• the presence or absence of larvae feeding must be established for better reliability of larvicidal studies. Furthermore, although the studies included did not carry out toxicity studies on non-target species, it is important to highlight the need for studies such as phytotoxicity, in vitro studies in

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• obtained during such studies [81]. As described above for in vitro studies, there are many similarities both regarding possibilities and challenges in how to perform such studies with NPs and EVs. Both types of particles can be labelled using partly similar strategies, and the same imaging modalities are

• ) Independently of which modality used, one should always ask the following questions: What are we now seeing? Is it the labelled NPs or is it just the label that in some way has been released from the NPs? The same question should, of course, be raised in in vitro studies; however, the challenge may be even

• importance of such studies is that in vitro studies using mice plasma was reported to give a different protein corona than that obtained in vivo in mice [86]. Also, in vitro studies performed in the presence of various serum concentrations revealed different types of protein corona and endocytic uptake [87

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• , which are a cluster of hundreds to thousands atoms aggregated together [135]. The potential of natural antioxidant nanodelivery systems for treating age-related metabolic disorders has been proved in both in vivo and in vitro studies. For example, a nanoparticle-based formulation of curcumin exhibited

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• especially anticancer potential [1][2]. Several in vivo and in vitro studies in recent years have demonstrated that CUR can influence cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis [3]. It has been reported that CUR exerts anticancer effects in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• of the specific nature of the targeting antibody. ACNPs are expected to accumulate at the target site and to improve the tumor uptake. ACNPs receptor binding efficacies were determined using in vitro studies including cellular uptake and internalization studies [71]. Multivalent effect of antibody

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• -coated artificial leaf surfaces with chemical composition and wettability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Such artificial leaves are of interest for in vitro studies of interactions of plant surfaces with living organisms and the non-living environment, as demonstrated by Huth et al. [11], where the

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• inherent cytotoxicity of PLGA may come from the accumulation of the degraded polymer components leading to changes in osmolality of the culture medium [50]. Other in vitro studies also reported that the size of PLGA nanoparticles had a significant impact on cytotoxicity against BEAS-2B and RAW264.7 cells

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• vivo. Conclusion In summary (Figure 6), we fabricated Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters of uniform spherical shape, with high absorption at the near-infrared 808 nm wavelength, superparamagnetism, and a strong capacity of photothermal conversion. Both in vitro studies using an immortalized A375 melanoma cell

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• in many in vitro studies including, for example, flow cytometry or fluorescence imaging, since the luminescence of the polymer was not detected [18][33][34]. Unfortunately, the luminescence of the fluorophores (dye or quantum dots) that are active in the visible range is usually significantly reduced

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• excellent magnetic, colloidal, cytotoxic, and biocompatible aspects. However, detailed mechanistic, in vivo cytotoxicity, and magnetic-field-assisted studies are required to fully exploit these nanocarriers in therapeutic applications. Keywords: anticancer drugs; doxorubicin; drug carriers; in vitro

• studies; magnetic spinel ferrite nanoparticles; methotrexate; poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride); Introduction Cancer is the second leading cause of death and, as such, it is a global health concern [1]. It is caused by uncontrolled cell proliferation, reduced cell death rate, or both [2

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• clinical trials. In vitro studies have revealed that the anticancer effects of CUR are mainly due to proapoptotic and antiangiogenic actions, which are regulated by different cell signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, MAPK, p53, and NF-ĸB [24]. Tumor growth and metastasis are

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• biological organisms and are mainly governed by cytochrome P450, which acts as a strong catalyst for oxidation. Hence, the gold nanoparticles can alter the cell metabolism, leading to toxicity. In vitro studies also confirmed that isotropic gold nanoparticles with core sizes of greater than 5 nm were less

• toxic and considered biologically inert [44][57][58]. Numerous in vitro studies carried out using high-throughput techniques such as microscopic techniques, TEM, and ICP-MS revealed the fate of nanoparticles and their interaction at the interface between the metal surface and cell membrane. Electron

• nanoparticles In vivo toxicity validation of nanomaterials is an inevitable step before clinical trials. However, in vivo studies of nanoparticles are subtle and quite controversial when compared to in vitro studies. The most common citrate-capped gold nanoparticles proved to be non-cytotoxic in vitro and

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• reinforce the biophysical effects of using US for drug delivery purposes. Two types of MB cavitation depending on the US intensity have been described: noninertial cavitation and inertial cavitation. Noninertial or stable cavitation events occur at low acoustic pressures [72]. Several in vitro studies have

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• toxicity and improved efficacy [86]. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the efficacy of AgNPs in treating neglected diseases, such as dengue [87][88], leishmaniasis [89][90][91][92], malaria [93][94][95], schistosomiasis [96][97], and trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) [98][99]. Mechanism of

• prophylactic effect) and to inhibit viral replication and budding (i.e, the therapeutic effect) [75][76][110]. In vitro studies reveal that AgNPs can act as inhibitors of viral entry by blocking viral attachment and penetration into cells [109][111][112]. They also inhibit the synthesis of viral negative

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• oleic acid layer is rapidly removed from the iron core and that, although with a small blood circulation time of only 15 min, 56Fe SPIONs were not found to be toxic in liver and spleen, where they readily accumulated. This is in contrast with many in vitro studies, in which uncoated SPIONs were shown to

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• bioavailability and luminescence and were non-toxic. The AuNCFs frameworks, because of their highly luminescent nature, also allowed for better imaging compared to [Au25(SG)18]-treated cells. In vivo bioimaging Conpared to cell-line and isolated in vitro studies, in vivo imaging using animal models faces

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• heparin/siRNA (v/v) ratio. The samples were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel containing 0.5 μg/mL ethidium bromide at 80 V for 20 min. The bands were imaged using the gel documentation system. In vitro studies Cell viability: The effect of blank polymer and polyplex was determined using MTS (3-(4,5

• good serum stability of the polyplex. In vitro studies The internalization of the polyplex in A549 cells was determined and the results are presented in Figure 3. It is observed that the PVI polyplexes accumulate on the membrane surface after 15 min and are starting to be internalized into the cells

• (Figure 14). This could be attributed to the better internalization and endosomal escape evaluated by the polyplex. The in vitro studies indicate that VEGF silencing through the PVI polyplex has a positive influence in inhibiting the progression of lung cancer. Conclusion This work has demonstrated the

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• Section 2.1. Recently, computer simulations and in vitro studies of nanoparticle–membrane interactions have shown that the surface of nanomaterials can in itself induce several changes at the plasma membrane, by determining sol–gel transitions in the lipid bilayer and impairing lipid lateral diffusion

• intracellular locations or to promote drug release in cells. 4 Challenges in studying endocytosis of nano-sized materials in vitro While studying the interactions between nanomaterials and cells is extremely challenging to perform in vivo, in vitro studies can help to unravel the mechanisms involved in their

• describe some technical challenges concerning in vitro studies of the endocytosis of nano-sized materials. 4.1 Nanoparticle dispersion in biological media: agglomeration and corona formation One of the most important aspects to consider when studying nanoparticle interactions with cells, as well as when