Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• incorporation of nanomaterials onto the fabric surfaces. Antimicrobial tests reveal significant inhibition of bacterial growth, with silver-based materials demonstrating superior efficacy. Importantly, the antimicrobial effect persists after five washing cycles, demonstrating the durability of the

• compared to Cu/CBV-600-bramante fabrics that were not exposed to sunlight, suggesting that the photocatalytic activity of Cu enhances its antibacterial efficacy. For fabrics with Zn/CBV-600-bramante, a minor increase in the inhibition of bacterial growth was also observed for E. coli following sunlight

• bacterial growth by up to 95% (Figure 5A and Figure 5B). In contrast, Cu/CBV-600-bramante and Zn/CBV-600-bramante fabrics showed varying degrees of bacterial growth inhibition depending on the microorganism (Figure 5Ad,e and Figure 5Bd,e). Against E. coli, Cu/CBV-600-bramante fabrics inhibited bacterial

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• photothermal therapy and chemotherapy by encapsulating the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG within UCST-type polymer-modified gold nanorods. Upon 1064 nm irradiation, they exhibit 65.1% photothermal conversion efficiency and trigger heat-induced 17-AAG release, achieving 98.86% of tumour growth inhibition in mice [57

• doxorubicin release at temperatures of ≥44 °C, effectively targeting resistant and quiescent cancer stem cells. Combined TR-DOXO and magnetic field treatment achieved complete tumour inhibition in mice, demonstrating strong hyperthermia–chemotherapy synergy [67]. The combination of magnetic targeting, thermal

• nuclear delivery in HeLa cells, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and improved tumour inhibition over free DOX, showing promise for cervical carcinoma therapy [72]. Cheah et al. developed a charge-responsive CPH material enabling electrically controlled protein release, reducing off-target effects through

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• to less efficient binding with protein targets that would work as ligands for receptor-mediated transport and delivery, finally resulting in partial inhibition and reduction of cellular uptake ([24]). Taken into consideration all aforementioned, it can be summarized that cellular transport and

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Rhodotorula spp., while only partial inhibition was observed for the two other tested organisms. When applied to granite, marble, and limestone, the coating formed a protective but uneven layer that reduced surface wettability without altering the stones’ appearance. These results

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• and fluid milk, infant formula, cereal-based foods, baby food composite, meat, and liver) using a non-labeled inhibition protein-binding assay, in which the recognition relied on protein–vitamin binding, the sensor surface acted as the indicator, and the signal was measured by resonance response. The

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• mg/mL) NCs were placed on the surface of MHA plates inoculated with 100 μL of a suspension comprising 108–109 CFU/mL of microorganisms and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. In addition, ampicillin (10 mg/disc) and 10% DMSO were used as control for comparative effect. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was

• exhibited substantial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, manifesting as distinct zones of inhibition ZOIs surrounding the discs. Compared to the established efficacy of ampicillin (10 µg/disc), the synthesized NCs displayed less pronounced antibacterial activity, as

• Figure 4. The NCs induced a 3–26% inhibition of cell growth even at the lowest applied concentration (12.5 µg/mL), and a proportional increase in the percentage of cell inhibition was observed with escalating concentrations. Hence, the findings reveal the dose-dependent interaction of the nanoparticles

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• vector larvae, including Ae. aegypti, and have been enhanced in nanoemulsions thanks to their properties [105][106][107]. Nanostructured plant-based larvicides could be associated with larvae morphological alterations, formation of reactive oxygen species that cause genotoxicity, and inhibition of

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• of both physicochemical properties and biological effects (Figure 6). The most frequently reported biological activity among the selected studies was the inhibition of microbial growth (80.0%; n = 44), highlighting its prominence as a primary target in antimicrobial research. The studies primarily

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• , presenting rather simple electronic and phonon structures that are dependent on N [31][32]. When they are host-free, their phonon structures present longitudinal and transversal modes but their encapsulation by CNT inhibits transversal modes [29][30][31][32][55][56][57][58][59]. This inhibition seems to be

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• cells, slow down tumor growth and metastasis, and had no obvious toxicity to human normal esophageal epithelial cells. Cluster analysis showed that the mechanism of action of peptide 58 may be closely related to the inhibition of ESCC cell metabolism. However, pharmacokinetic data on peptide 58 remain

• targeting ability, and tumor inhibition efficiency of the nanosystem need to be further verified through in vivo experiments. 6 Discussion Aptamers not only have a low incidence of Treatment Adverse Events (TAEs), but also can use antidote oligonucleotides to precisely regulate the aptamer functions

• aptamers, such as P42, P58, ZY3A and SPP1 aptamers, mostly exert pharmacological effects on the principle of target inhibition. ZY3A targets the membrane protein p37, and SPP1 belongs to secreted proteins. SOX2 and SOX2/CDP interfaces, the targets of P42 and P58, exist in cells, requiring aptamer

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• inhibition percentage) was calculated using Equation 2 [57]. The IC50 (the concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition) of the radical scavenging activity was determined via linear regression analysis [58]. where Abscontrol, represents the absorbance of the DPPH radicals, Abssample, represents the

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• system activation and tumor growth inhibition [14]. Nevertheless, challenges like low bioavailability, chemical instability, and difficulty in targeting specific tissues hinder their effective clinical application [15]. Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of

• potential effects include tumor cell death, inhibition of proliferation, increased autophagy, and enhanced immune system response [51]. Furthermore, natural products can also promote the regulation of immune cells and cytokines, increasing immunogenic cancer cell death, natural killer cell activity, and

• targeting and tumor inhibition. Following this perspective, patents CN111202719, CN114470229, and CN115252560 represent advances in tumor therapy, since they combine cell cycle blockade and inhibition of metabolic pathways, which are considered complex cellular mechanisms. Nevertheless, patent CN109846857

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• spreading 25 µL bacterial liquid on each plate. The sterilized membranes were then placed on the top of the plate containing the attached bacterial strain and then incubated at 28 °C for 24 h. The antibacterial efficacy of each membrane was assessed by measuring the size of the inhibition zone against

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• , antibiotics can bind to multiple sites in the cell wall peptidoglycans (PGNs), resulting in inhibition of PGN synthesis, perturbation of the cell membrane integrity and cell death [46][47]. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides interact electrostatically with positively charged antibiotics [48] and

• steep decrease in the cytotoxicity of the liposomal formulation compared to free gold(III) metalloantibiotic was observed, resulting in an optimal therapeutic index. The formulation also minimized gold-induced cardiotoxicity and cytochrome inhibition, addressing some of the key limitations of gold-based

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• labile iron in a non-toxic and inorganic state [56]. Iron storage proteins play a unique role in the inhibition of ferroptosis. Inhibition of ferritinophagy by suppressing nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) and preventing ferritin degradation by lysosomes limits the incidence of ferroptosis [57]. In

• , ferroptosis inducers can trigger ferroptosis through various ways: (I) GSH is the most frequently utilized antioxidant inside the cell and is essential for maintaining antioxidant enzymes like GPX4. The production of GSH relies on the uptake of cysteine mediated by system xc− [88]. The inhibition of system xc

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• . Edema volume was measured by plethysmometry (NovaLab, Brazil) at 3 and 6 h after carrageenan injection [67]. Inhibition of paw edema was expressed (in percentage) as the difference between the control value (paw volume of each animal before carrageenan injection) and the volumes measured at each time

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• used to escape the reticuloendothelial system (RES), target cancer cells and pathogens, and enhance tumor accumulation. Recently, Huang et al. reported macrophage membrane-coated targeted NPs for tumor inhibition and macrophage polarization. They incorporated methyltransferase like 14 (METTL14) and

• metastatic breast cancer (Figure 7) [128]. The nanosystem was modified with TAT (T) and RGD (R) peptides for targeted delivery of the chemotherapeutics gamabufotalin (C) and doxorubicin (DOX) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), resulting in potent inhibition of tumor growth and breast cancer metastasis

• , which directly correlates to the neoadjuvant treatment efficacy. To confirm this phenomenon, Zheng et al. constructed TNBC membrane-coated, artesunate-loaded PLGA NPs (231M-ARS@PLGA) to regulate the SWE stiffness via cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) inhibition. In the MDA-MB 231 and E0771 orthotopic

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• strong antimicrobial and enhanced DPPH inhibition properties [38]. This study represents the first attempt to integrate rice straw-derived nanocellulose both as a biopackaging reinforcing filler and as a carrier for cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsions (PE-CEO) into a single biopackaging material

• (CFU) were counted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the films. Inhibition rates were calculated according to where CCcontrol is the cell count of the control tube substance and CCsample is the cell count of the sample after 24 h. Antioxidation properties. The antioxidant capacity of the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• reservoir, enhancing local drug retention. The transfersome-embedded hydrogel can be painted as a patch on the skin above the melanoma, demonstrating prolonged retention time and inhibition of the tumor growth in combination with systemic chemotherapy [189]. Nanogels for topical use in skin cancer

• cellulose nanocrystals poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) [217] or doxorubicin-loaded polydopamine-alginate [219] showed inhibition in tumor growth. Thus, this technique tends to present a great advance in the design methods and in the ease of obtaining

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• Clitoria fairchildiana seeds with larvicidal activity against third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae. These studies revealed morphological and metabolic changes in the larvae, suggesting that V-ATPase inhibition triggers oxidative stress, resulting in high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (the positive control was the antibiotic penicillin). Inhibition zone assays were used to evaluate antibiofilm properties of uncoated and coated plastic films [14][25]. Coating stability of plastic films in an environment simulating aqueous food was tested

•  9). The photographic results showed inhibition zones against E. coli (Figure 9a) and S. aureus (Figure 9b). The inhibition zones resulted from the diffusion of ZH nanoparticles and Zn2+ cations from the hydrogel to the surrounding agar. As the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel is antibacterial, the brush coating of

• inhibition zone at the vicinity of its boundary (Figure 10f). PLA and SG/PLA were not antibacterial materials, and the GO-SG-ZH coating was effective against the growth of E. coli biofilm on the coating surface. The antibiofilm result is attributed to the antibacterial activities of GO nanosheets and ZH

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• oxidative stress, thus elucidating the ROS inhibition by FLG–TA. The UV–vis spectroscopic analysis (Figure S5, Supporting Information File 1) revealed a significant decrease in absorbance of the FLG–TA composite following exposure to DPPH solution, indicating oxidative modification of the material under ROS

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• zone inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures. The findings suggest that STZ-loaded SF/gelatin nanofibers are highly effective against post-surgical infections and promote wound healing, particularly in cases where traditional oral and injected antibiotics are ineffective [90]. Millán-Rivero et al