Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• prepared for the study. Two of them underwent thermal treatment at 200 °C for 1 h, resulting in the emergence of a new absorption band with a peak in the 460–475 nm range. Birefringence was then induced in pairs of samples using 444 and 532 nm laser illumination. Following sample treatment and laser

• under laser illumination at 532 nm. To emphasize these changes, we plotted in the Figure 4D the spectra of the untreated PAZO sample and the thermally treated one. Quantitative interpretation of the obtained P and S absorption spectra can be done by calculating an order parameter, Sorder, from the

• started approximately 1 h after the samples had cooled down to r.t. The corresponding data are presented in Figure 5. From the results it is evident that thermal treatment does not enhance the birefringence (∆n) when the pump laser wavelength is 444 nm. In contrast, a significant improvement is observed

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• outlet of the MWD detector was connected to a DAWN 8+ HELEOS II MALS operating with a 658 nm laser (Wyatt Technology Europe). A DLS (Malvern Zetasizer Nano-S, UK) with an installed quartz flow cell (ZEN0023) was also used in this study in flow mode. Refractive index (RI) and absorption parameters were

• acidic environment (for visualization of endocytic pathways). Further, the cells were stained and visualized as described above. Internalization studies of nanoliposomes in hCMEC/D3 cells by confocal microscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Axiovert 200M Inverted Microscope) was

• ± 0.81 to 140.20 ± 0.95 nm (PDI < 0.256). The data in the literature suggests that DLS is widely employed for sizing liposomes and other colloidal materials. It operates by detecting laser light scattered due to the Brownian motion of particles or macromolecules in suspension, with the scattering

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• samples per material, that is, M300, T400, T600, and T800. Raman spectroscopy The structural properties of the rGO paper sheets were studied with Raman spectroscopy (InVia Renishaw spectrometer). The spectra were collected with three accumulations, a 10 s exposure time, and 1% laser power (laser

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• cantilever deflection as well as torsional spring constant [39]. However, errors can arise due to the sensitivity of the PSPD to laser alignment and a few micrometers offset from the tip shear center, leading to erroneous determination of the cantilever torsion loop offset. As a result, there is very low

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• NIR excitation at 980 nm was provided by a fiber Bragg grating-stabilized laser (JDSU, 2900 Series), with collimated light focused onto the back focal plane of a 4×/0.13 NA excitation objective (Nikon, PlanFluor) using a 250 mm cylindrical lens (Thorlabs, LJ1267RM-A). The excitation objective

• metabolism to organ-specific stress responses. Characteristic UC fluorescent emission spectra of NaYF4:Er3+/Yb3+ in the green region when irradiated with 980 nm laser light. Insets: UC process scheme (right). Schematic representation of the energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+ ions and the UC emission in an

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• ) fluorophores were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of fully solvated gels and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to observe the corresponding xerogels. The DPP@Gel systems exhibit strong fluorescence and are effectively imaged using CLSM, with fibre morphologies

• even then, excitation laser intensities had to be operated at or near their maximum fluence to obtain images with good signal-to-noise ratio. This elevated laser power then contributed to a certain extent of fluorophore bleaching, making effective imaging even more challenging. Despite these measures

• . The significantly stronger fluorescence emission of the DPP derivatives under moderate laser excitation (a low percentage of the maximum possible irradiance) enabled individual fibrillar structures to be visualized clearly without the need to compress the gel between glass slides, thus preserving the

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• -assisted hydrolysis with relatively low-energy electrons (≈1.5 eV compared to >10 eV at the hot spots) at the lateral sides of AuNRs. In contrast, polymethyl(methacrylate) (PMMA) decomposed preferentially at the hot spots of the AuNRs under femtosecond laser excitation by high-energy hot electrons

• ) measures the interaction between electrons and cPNSs upon laser excitation by mapping the EELS within an electron microscope [135] (Figure 8e). In summary, we have reviewed the nanoscale characterization tools correlating structure to chiroptical activity of PNSs in this section. CD and ORD are handy tools

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• newer studies on the ECL sensors compared to CL sensors to detect VB12. Bhaiyya et al. have recently fabricated a novel laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based ECL system with two and three channels to detect H2O2, VB12, and vitamin C (VC) from real samples. VB12 and VC acted as the recognition analytes, the

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• evaporated under nitrogen flow. The VSFG experiments were achieved under dry air flushing at room temperature (24 °C) at four different center frequencies to measure the complete CH and OH stretching region in the broadband infrared. The tunable infrared laser produced femtosecond pulses of ca. 5.5 mW (at

• for ppp polarization (all beams polarized normal to the surface) and 2 min for ssp (laser beams polarized parallel to the surface, sum frequency emission and up-conversion polarized perpendicular and infrared parallel to the plane of incidence). Electron microscopy imaging SEM and STEM images were

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• , laser ablation, or electrochemical techniques, among others. These CNMs must then be thoroughly characterised to confirm their structural and physicochemical properties, including size, shape, charge, surface functionality, stability, and potential toxicity. Following characterisation, anticancer

• main issues is the wide variety of methods that can be used to synthesise CNMs, which can lead to variations in their properties and performance. For example, carbon nanotubes can be synthesised using arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapour deposition, among others [30]. Each method can

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• . Experiments are performed with laser light of wavelength λ = λvac = 780.41 nm and the excitation frequency is kept at the cantilever eigenfrequency fexc = 169.667 kHz determined at the beginning of the measurements. The piezoelectric tube (PZT-8, EBL Products Inc., East Hartford, CT, USA) used for fiber

• measurement has been performed many weeks earlier. The difference in calibration results for measurements taken with significant time elapsed between can be explained by slight differences in the alignment of the laser spot on the cantilever due to manual adjustment or drift. Although, in our models, light is

• treated as a plane wave, in reality the light beam exiting the fiber end has a divergence of about 9°. As a consequence, light diffracted at the edges of the cantilever acts back on the reflected light sampled by the fiber. Furthermore, the partially coherent light of the laser produces speckle patterns

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Despite many synthesis methods are still mainly focused on the production of near-spherical NPs, a number of emerging applications require nanomaterials of nonspherical shape and developed surface, which determine the functional performance of nanostructured devices. Laser ablation in liquids has been

• demonstrated as a clean, simple, and versatile NP synthesis method. However, the conditions of NP formation and growth are favouring the production of spherical NPs. There are fewer studies of shape control during laser ablation. With that in mind, this perspective article represents a view on the current

• stage of the development of laser ablation in liquids from the perspective of shape control of the forming nanomaterials. The key parameters influencing the NP shape are highlighted, including the composition of a liquid, laser focusing conditions and introduction of external fields, and the mechanism

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• deposition, chemical mechanical polishing, and laser nanopatterning, enable the creation of nanostructures and nanoscale devices. However, a major limitation of these methods is their inability to effectively produce high-resolution three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3][4]. In contrast, focused electron

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• 0.86) were identified using 514.5 nm, while two LCC with N = 40 and 50 (γP = 0.67 and 0.81, respectively) were identified using 568.2 nm. In agreement with the literature [29][30], the use of different laser lines does not influence the response of the LCC@MWCNT to different T, but it might excite LCC

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• laser (532 nm, 50 mW) and a 50× magnification objective. For ATR-FTIR measurements, a NICOLET iS50R FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA) was employed. The measurements, spanning the range of 4000–400 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1, utilized a diamond ATR crystal and a DTGS detector for precise

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• outside. Once the molding grids had been filled with the base material, they were carefully removed, and hot compression was carried out. Tensile specimens were cut from the laminate using a laser cutter (MT-7050W100, Maitech, Milan, Italy) with a single cycle at a laser speed of 10 mm/s and a power of 30

• could be cut out of the laminate in the width. Figure 2 provides an overview of the tensile specimen designs and their respective fiber content distribution and dimensions. Furthermore, two 2D metamaterials with triangular unit cell configurations were laser cut from the hot-pressed laminates of graded

• ., inversely graded metamaterial, Figure 2I). Glass fiber content analysis X-ray microtomographic (μCT) scans were used to determine the glass fiber content along a linearly graded specimen with rectilinear interfaces and to estimate the heating effects of laser cutting at the specimen edges. Sections of about

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation) with Cu Kα radiation, operating at 40 kV and 35 mA. Raman spectra were obtained using an Alpha300R UV system (WITec, Germany) equipped with a TEM00 laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations were conducted using a Kratos AXIS

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• Abstract In this study, silicon nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by pulsed laser ablation in a liquid, aiming to investigate the influence of a laser beam profile on the properties of the resultant NPs. Morphology, inner structure, and phase composition of the formed NPs were characterized by means of

• ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and the correlation of the NP properties with the laser beam profile was studied. Three different beam profiles were selected, namely, a Bessel beam produced using an axicon, an

• annular profile formed using a combination of an axicon and a converging lens, and a Gaussian beam focused on the surface of a Si target using the same converging lens. In all the schemes, a nanosecond Nd3+:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 10 ns operating at its fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) was used

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectrometer with a 532 nm diode laser to detect structural changes and defects in the CNTs after Diels–Alder reaction. FTIR spectroscopy was employed using a Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer in the 4000–500 cm−1 region, which confirmed the change in functional groups during dendrimer functionalization. XRD

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• nanoparticles are most often used in photothermal therapy. These nanomaterials can capture specific wavelengths of light from the near-infrared spectrum and then use that energy to generate heat. This heat from the laser points causes cancer cells to be damaged or destroyed, while reducing the damage to nearby

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Nanoparticles in their pure colloidal form synthesized by laser-assisted processes such as laser ablation/fragmentation/irradiation/melting in liquids have attained much interest from the scientific community because of their specialties like facile synthesis, ultra-high purity, biocompatibility, colloidal

• Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, and solar cells. In this review article, we describe different methods of nanocolloidal synthesis using laser-assisted processes and corresponding thin film fabrication methods, particularly those utilized for device fabrication and characterization. The four

• sections start with an introduction to the common laser-assisted synthesis for nanocolloids and different methods of thin film fabrication using these nanocolloids followed by devices fabricated and characterized for applications including photovoltaics, photodetectors, catalysis, photocatalysis

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• SERS activity compared to AgNPs (seeds). The measurements were performed under identical experimental conditions, including fixed laser polarization, to ensure consistency and the current comparison is intended to be qualitative in nature. The enhancement factor (EF) was calculated using Equation 3 [23

• ]: where ISERS and Ibulk are the Raman intensities of 4-MBA in the presence and absence of silver nanomaterials, respectively. NSERS and Nbulk are the number of 4-MBA molecules excited by the laser under SERS and non-SERS conditions, respectively. Since the same volume (20 µL) and method were used, NSERS

• performed (HORIBA XploRA ONE TM, France) using a 532 nm laser source and a 10× magnification microscope. Measurements were taken at ten random positions, and the average intensity was recorded. (a) UV–vis spectrum, (b) TEM image and (c) size distribution of seeds. UV–vis spectra of silver nanoparticles at

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , parylene-C encapsulation, and laser-assisted nanowire tip exposure. The nanowire electrode structure and the corresponding functionality are described. Electrochemical testing results of dopamine and glucose detection are also presented. Results and Discussion After optimization of the growth parameters

• , which can be coated with parylene-C polymer and the tip can be exposed by a focused laser beam. An electrochemical copper deposition test was performed to verify that the platinum electrode was fully exposed after evaporation of the parylene-C polymer at the tip. The test also demonstrated that the

• remaining parylene-C polymer on the rest of the electrode acted as an insulator. As shown in Figure 2a, a copper nodule was observed on the tip of the nanowire. Copper deposition on the tungsten metal part after parylene deposition and laser evaporation indicated that the parylene insulation was not

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• This research paper delves into the exploration of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on a 100 µm thin stainless steel (SS) sheet. Through the application of laser irradiation with wavelengths spanning from 400 to 2400 nm, we systematically generate ladder-like LIPSS across a substantial

• observed. By employing cross-sectional electron microscopy, we scrutinize the penetration depth of laser radiation or laser-affected zone, in the LIPSS-formed SS sheets, revealing a parallel trend with LSFL and HSFL spatial periodicity. Specifically, the penetration depth increases with wavelength up to

• our comprehension of laser–material interactions and hold potential implications for surface engineering and material science applications. Keywords: cross section of LIPSS; high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL); laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS); low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• membrane, the IR780 (NIR) fluorescence dye was loaded as a photosensitizer for PTT to generate biomimetic “IR780-rRBC” NPs. The antitumor effect of IR780-rRBC was also evaluated. After laser treatment, the tumor temperatures in mice treated with IR780-rRBC and IR780-rRBC NPs increased up to 60 and 70 °C