Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• G3139 to acute myeloid leukemic cells [113]. Agarose gel electrophoresis retardation essays revealed that both PEI and transferrin were critical to achieve nanocomplexes with long-term stability and optimal cargo protection under physiological conditions. Moreover, LPNs exhibited enhanced cellular

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• , and a short biological half-life [136][137]. Markowski et al. reported the design and fabrication of UA-loaded PLHNPs for improved therapeutic efficacy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells [138]. The formulated nanocarrier showed better serum stability and long-term stability. Cell culture

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• alginate–CuO–glucose oxidase-based biosensor for glucose detection, which demonstrated high repeatability and long-term stability. Another research used horseradish peroxidase coated in calcium alginate beads to detect hydrogen peroxide in ambient water samples [127]. Ionotropic alginate hydrogel

• for glucose detection [131]. The high colloidal stability of alginate-based nanoparticles ensures their long-term stability and prevents aggregation, leading to more reliable and consistent glucose detection results [141]. Alginate-based nanoparticles can be easily functionalized to enhance their

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• . Stability tests revealed that NPs in the electrolyte (NaCl) solution displayed a quicker decline in SERS signal than those obtained in DW, despite satisfactory initial signal strengths. However, gold NPs in DW demonstrated optimal long-term stability, maintaining uniform SERS intensities over 60 days

• larger particle size. However, Au NPs in DW demonstrated optimal long-term stability, maintaining their SERS signal integrity for up to 60 days. Further, chemical warfare simulant MS and DMMP detection using a 325 nm Raman laser (UV resonance) demonstrated superior performance. (a)–(c) Absorption spectra

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• -performing photocatalyst MoS2/WS2 for four consecutive PD runs, each cycle lasting 3 h (Figure 8b). The result indicated an excellent long-term stability of the composite photocatalyst suggesting that the association of both MoS2 and WS2 at the appropriate content, such as (MoS2)0.2/(WS2)0.8, not only

• : The WS2/MoS2 composite exhibited significant enhancement of PD in terms of long-term stability, reaching up to 97% as shown in Figure 11 compared to that of WS2 and MoS2 taken alone. We assume this performance is ascribed to the mechanism of PD occurring in the composite sample. Precisely, when the

• highest PD efficiency and PD rate constant of 67.6% and 6.1 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. Despite the low PD efficiency achieved, MoS2 has shown a very good PD stability of 63%. The intermixed composite (MoS2)0.2/(WS2)0.8 showed an enhancement in PD performance and long-term stability by up to 97%. Its

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• precision (long term-stability). The repeatability of the method was evaluated by comparing the RSD of the measurement to the RSD of the Horwitz function (RSDH). If RSD is less than half of RSDH, the repeatability is acceptable. The repeatability of this method was determined by analyzing ten replicate

• 4 °C in the BR buffer pH 3 between the measurements, for a definite period. DPV measurements were periodically performed once a week. Peak currents with RSD smaller than 5% were found as IURI = 15.36 ± 0.43 (µA) (RSD = 2.82%) and IHYP = 9.03 ± 0.26 (µA) (RSD = 2.93%) indicating good long-term

• stability of the (1:4)TiO2/QGDs-GCE (Figure 9d). In order to study the selectivity of the (1:4)TiO2/GQDs-modified electrode, common co-existing substances, namely, NH4Cl, KCl, Na2SO4, NH4NO3, CaCl2, ZnCl2, glucose (GLC), glutamic acid (GLA), urea (URE), ʟ-cysteine (LCY) and xanthine (XTE), have been added

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• commercial DCS, which is attributed to specific physicochemical properties of the nanocrystals, including faster dissolution and greater resistance to degradation in enteric capsules. Furthermore, with efficient delivery and long-term stability, the hydrophobic formulation of DCS nanocrystals is a potent

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• . Here, we investigate the air retention capabilities of MSM for the first time. We analyzed the long term stability of the kept air layers as well as the behavior of the air layers at different pressures. Materials and Methods 1 Mushroom-shaped microstructured elastomer foil Microstructured elastomer

• mushroom-shaped surface microstructures (MSM) the long-term stability of the air layers was analyzed. Calculations according to Konrad et al. [33] predicted a maximum immersion depth underwater hmax of about 2 cm for a persistent air layer kept by MSM with the given geometric dimensions and the given

• air layer. The loss of air happened not only at the interface of water and air between the top side of the MSM, but also on the sides. This means the water-contact-area/volume ratio of the air layer is a crucial parameter for the long term stability of the kept air. Previous works have focused

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• detection limit and long-term stability at room temperature. Graphene oxide (GO), consisting of a monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon atom network, has already been used in electrocatalysis, nanoelectronics, bionanosensors, and sustainable energy storage systems due to its larger active surface area

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• ), and it remains a challenge to increase drug loading. Besides, the high cost and the complexity of nanoformulation production narrow the accessibility [32]. Regarding dendrimers, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, there are also issues with long-term stability, low drug loading efficiency, and

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• . This suggested that the MoS2-1.25/FTO CE has reversible redox activity and electrochemical stability. The electrochemical stability of the MoS2/FTO CE should provide long-term stability for solar cell devices. However, more work needs to be done to improve the efficiency of this DSSC device [36][37][38

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• long-term stability of the sensor, the obtained samples were stored under ambient conditions for one and four weeks. Measurements were taken every second day. The stabilities of each sample were assessed by the degree of reduction of the current peak value in the CV curve. For samples stored under

• storage, no significant morphological changes were observed, which proves the stability of the samples. These results show that the nanostructured CuO coating has long-term stability and resistance to environmental influences, which is another advantage compared to enzyme sensors. Conclusion This article

• study also showed high long-term stability of the resulting coating stored under ambient conditions (the signal level remained at 95% of the initial value after one week and at 90% after a month). Storage in a vacuum desiccator helps to improve the stability of samples (the signal level remained at 100

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• field of medicine. Zhang et al. [32] used polymer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles as a MNR to effectively carry nucleic acids in vitro. Their team developed a polyethylenimine-conjugated magnetic nanomaterial. While exhibiting long-term stability, this material can realize redox-activated and magnet

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• , studies regarding the long-term stability of CPs are still needed. (Left) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of semiconducting catalyst-mediated photocatalytic hydrogen production (CB: conduction band, VB: valence band, SED: sacrificial electron donors). (Right) Charge separation in a CP-based

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• and ISC of the S-TENG are nearly 200 V and 4.2 μA at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. Moreover, the device has good long-term stability with almost no degradation of the electrical output after 3000 cycles. In addition, the S-TENG can light up 235 LEDs and power a commercial calculator by padding the S-TENG

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• -circuit current was 10.8 µA. The impedance dependence of the fabricated u-TENG is shown in Figure 3e. The maximum output power of 0.279 mW can be observed at a loading resistance of 300 MΩ in Figure 3f. A long-term stability test did not exhibit a noticeable response decline after 10000 cycles (inset of

• loading resistance; inset: long-term stability. The ability of the u-TENG to harvesting energy from human walking. The electric output profile of a man (a), a woman (b), and a child (c). (d) The output voltage of u-TENG under different stress values. (e) The dependence of the output voltage on the impact

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• could be detected. Thus, the electrochemical method can be used to create flexible Au-coated substrates of highly reproducible structure with long-term stability. SERS measurement of lysozyme on the nanopore substrates The enzyme lysozyme can rupture the cell walls of certain pathogens following

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• applications as they show significantly improved electrochemical long-term stability compared to the industrial standard HiSPEC 4000. The PE-CVD process is furthermore expected to be extendable to the general deposition of metal-containing carbon materials from other commercially available metal

• acetylacetonate precursors. Keywords: electrocatalyst; fuel cells; hybrid nanomaterial; long-term stability; nanoparticle embedding; one-step synthesis; plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD); Introduction The global fuel cell market reached a value of $4.5 billion USD in 2018 and is projected to

• commercial production of fuel cell catalysts, especially the scarcity of noble metals and the insufficient electrochemical long-term stability. Even though the surface-to-volume ratio can be drastically increased by the use of nanoparticles instead of thin films, the amount of noble metal (usually platinum

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• as the FDA-approved Prussian blue nanoparticles, should be explored more systematically. Secondly, given the imposed restrictions on the use of colloidal nanoparticles due to long-term stability and reusability issues, alternative approaches such as nanocomposite materials (e.g., gels, thin films

• , printed surfaces) should be studied more intensively. Thirdly, since the use of high-intensity lasers to achieve pronounced photothermal effects should be avoided, highly concentrated colloidal solutions need to be used which in turn disfavor their long-term stability and increase their preparation costs

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• addition, since the chemical transformation of MB molecules occurs at the Ag–TiO2 interface, Ag is more easily oxidized, which damages the long-term stability of the Ag–TiO2 heterojunctions [46]. Taken together, these factors can explain the difference of catalytic efficiency between AFT and ACT