Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• networks [46][47][48]; it can be further extended to reacting with heteroatoms to introduce electronic dopants, magnetic impurities, and catalytic sites, as well as to add other functionalities [43][49][50]. However, challenges remain to have reliable predictions for the outcome of the reaction and to go

• them to be deep acceptors. In addition, chalcogen vacancies in TMDs are readily passivated by oxygen in air [51][140]. Can magnetic moments of individual defects be measured? Solid-state spin defects have emerged as essential building blocks for quantum communication and sensing applications [141]. In

• 2D materials, numerous spin-active defects have been predicted and an increasing number have been experimentally confirmed [119][142][143] using optical spectroscopy, STM, and other techniques. STM is an ideal tool to measure magnetic moments of atomic-scale defects. Inelastic excitations of the spin

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• phase composed of 0.010 g of curcumin, 0.1 g of PCL, 27 mL of acetone, 0.0390 g of sorbitan monooleate and 165 µL of grape seed oil, under magnetic stirring at approximately 400 rpm for 4 h at 40 °C. After complete solubilisation of all components, the organic phase was combined by pouring it into the

• a digital calliper (Digimess, São Paulo, Brazil). Curcumin content The curcumin content of the films (n = 3) was determined by transferring a single weighed unit to 10 mL of ultrapure water in a volumetric flask of 25 mL, followed by mixing under magnetic stirring for 1 h, until complete

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• theranostic applications [39] by facilitating tumor visualization through various imaging techniques [40], including fluorescence imaging [41], computed tomography [42], and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [43]. The development of nanobiotechnology in PDT opens new horizons for creating more effective and

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), and 30% (v/v) H2O2 solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) so that the molar ratio of H2O2/FeCl2 was 25:1. The pH of this solution was adjusted to 4.0, and the reaction was conducted for 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, or 24 h. All coating processes were carried out on a magnetic stirrer (300 rpm

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• neutron capture therapy [62][63], viral [64][65] and microbial growth inhibition [42][66], antibacterial agents [67][68], anticancer treatments [67][69], magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent [70], photothermal therapy [71][72], cell imaging [73], proton therapy enhancement [74][75], fluorescence [76

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• to extract the quasiparticle energy relaxation time. For external magnetic field values for which edge barrier pinning is dominant and thermal effects are negligible, the relaxation times are about 150 ps and 24 ps for NbRe/Au and NbRe/Py bilayers, respectively. These results indicate that NbRe/Py

• ; superconductivity; vortex dynamics; Introduction Vortex dynamics plays a central role in the electrical transport under magnetic fields in type-II superconductors and is an essential subject of research in superconductivity [1]. In inhomogeneous type-II superconductors, structural defects create pinning centers

• by the time-dependent magnetic flux, resulting in a magnetic breaking effect [29][30]. In the opposite limit of thin capping layers, the proximity effect plays a dominant role leading to an enhancement of the critical vortex velocity and promoting faster relaxation processes [26][27][28]. In this

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• based on PAZO polymer. Preparation of thin-film samples All thin films used in this work were fabricated using spin-coating technique. Methanol was used as solvent for all samples, and a magnetic stirrer ensured complete dissolution. The solution was then poured onto the substrate (quartz or glass) and

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , which enhances drug targeting while reducing off-target effects. These carriers leverage triggers such as changes in pH, enzymatic activity, redox conditions, temperature, light, ultrasound, X-rays, and magnetic fields to enable intelligent and controlled release of therapeutics. This review examines

• processes, other stimuli, such as enzymatic cleavage, redox reactions, or magnetic heating induce irreversible charge changes since they involve permanent chemical or structural modifications to the nanocarrier surface. 2.2 Enzyme-responsive nanocarriers Enzymes are essential components that manage cellular

• trigger apoptosis. Moreover, Hf4+ activates the cGAS–STING immune pathway, enhancing antitumour immunity and achieving synergistic radio-immunotherapy against cancer [62]. 2.7 Magnetic-responsive nanocarriers Magnetic-responsive CRNs utilise magnetic fields to enhance drug delivery and therapeutic

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• capable of extracting a three-dimensional magnetic field distribution and a planar current distribution by solving a system of integro-differential equations on a 2D grid. Recently, VoxHenry [12] and SuperVoxHenry [13] simulators were developed, which use voxel-based discretization as well as advanced

• supplemented with elements that supply and read out the input and output magnetic fluxes, respectively. Possible interactions between parts of the experimental device complicate the analysis of its TF; however, the necessary design criteria can still be expressed through the components of a 5 × 5 inductance

• an additional linear component. One of the reasons is that the input (control line) and the readout (two-junction SQUID) elements can exchange magnetic flux via circulating currents in the superconducting ground plane [33]. It was shown in [43] that such interaction effectively results in asymmetry

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• microscopic foundation for the IT superconductivity and extend its description beyond the vicinity of the critical temperature. Keywords: Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations; intertype regime; microscopic calculations; superconductivity; vortices in superconductors; Introduction The magnetic response of

• superconductors has long served as a fundamental criterion for their classification into distinct types. Traditionally, two types are recognized, namely, type I, in which magnetic fields are completely expelled from the material (the Meissner state), and type II, with magnetic flux penetration in the form of

• quantized vortices forming a mixed state [1][2][3]. Within the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) framework, the boundary between these regimes is determined by the GL parameter κ = λL/ξGL, where λL is the magnetic London penetration depth and ξGL is Ginsburg–Landau coherence length, with the critical value separating

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• magnetization directions as in, for example, F/S/F spin valves [77]. Another possibility is more modern and is based on van der Waals structures comprised of transition-metal dichalcogenide materials such as superconducting NbSe2 and magnetic VSe2 on top of Bi2Se3 [78]. We solve the stated problem for the

• for achieving highly efficient superconducting diodes in the absence of an external magnetic field. Moreover, the sign of the diode efficiency can be changed as a function of the interface transparency. As a direction for further studies, one could investigate the Josephson diode effect in the hybrid

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• steps. The operation in the Fiske steps mode is complicated by the need to search for operation points at a particular frequency with sufficient generation power. The computer procedure of the operating point selection performed by varying the bias current through the FFO and the magnetic field takes

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• /bjnano.16.157 Abstract Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) offer promising applications in nanomedicine due to their appealing properties. Their magnetic and magnetic hyperthermia properties are considered as relevant tools for low invasive cancer therapeutic applications. In this work

• , we report on the synthesis of polyhedral core–shell SPIONs. Their size was tuned to improve their magnetic properties. Furthermore, by hybridizing into a core–shell inorganic/inorganic structure, the nanoparticles can achieve significantly improved magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency (at

• Mössbauer analysis, and the magnetic properties were studied to select the ideal size for magnetic hyperthermia application. Keywords: core–shell nanoparticles; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetic properties; Introduction Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile class of materials due to their

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• , and magnetic fields, which are known to interact with geometry in nontrivial ways. Furthermore, comparison with experimental data from hybrid nanostructures with engineered NS boundaries, such as those reported in [40], shows good quantitative agreement with our predictions. In summary, we have shown

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• the fabrication details and morphology of the CPL-enabled cPNSs in Section 2. In recent years, chiral assemblies of PNSs from mechanical forces via magnetic fields [60][61] or strain [62][63] have also been demonstrated. Although the cPNSs prepared via mechanical forces are relatively scarce, they

• magnetic fields, respectively. Derived by Tang and Cohen [119], the optical chirality is relevant to gλ, the fractional difference in rates of excitation of a small molecule between LCPL and RCPL at wavelength λ through Equation 2, where gCPL is the material dissymmetry factor, c is the speed of light, Ue

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• -established magnetic metamaterial element whose resonant properties are governed by its internal inductance and capacitance, allowing for a strong magnetic response and associated current loops at the designed resonance frequency. The simulations of the metamaterial arrays were performed in the time-domain

• of SRRs in providing a stronger magnetic resonance and greater field concentration within the capacitive gaps where the CEBs are located. Our investigation of the scaling of the metamaterial array revealed a critical design trade-off. While reducing the dimensions of the SRR unit cells effectively

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• mechanisms, efficiency, and experimental conditions. To improve clarity and compare functional mechanisms, the nanomaterials are grouped based on their primary MP removal strategy, that is, adsorption, photocatalysis, and magnetic/hybrid systems. Tables 4–6 highlight that adsorption and photocatalysis are

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• , accurately weighed amounts of OPS and surfactants were homogenized under magnetic stirring for 2 min. Ultrapure water was then added dropwise (≈0.5 mL/min) under continuous stirring (≈900 rpm, IKA® C-MAG HS7 – Staufen, Germany). The entire process was conducted at 75 ± 3 °C. After water addition, the mixture

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• surfaces has proven challenging. For the separation of the individual factors, researchers developed powerful nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Great success was reached using pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR [19][20][21]. PFG-NMR incorporates the application of magnetic field gradients in

• addition to the uniform external magnetic field. A sequence of gradient pulses is used to label the position of the nuclear spins. The first pulse encodes spatial information; if the spins move (diffuse) during the interval, a second gradient pulse will partially or fully refocus them. The extent to which

• bands are seen at 1666 cm−1 (amide I) and 1557 cm−1 (amide II), and the bands at 1046 and 948 cm−1 originate from the siloxane network (Si–O–Si). The 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum (Figure 2e) displays signals for Ala-CH3 (δ = 16.0 ppm), Ala-CH (45.3 ppm

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• an oil phase were prepared under magnetic stirring, with their composition specified in Table 4. Subsequently, the aqueous phase was carefully added to the oil phase. The mixture was subjected to vortex (IKA) mixing for 5 min, followed by ultrasonication for 5 min at an amplitude of 40% using an

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• shape control, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required to elucidate the major stages and key parameters to influence the shape of the nanomaterials during synthesis. It is especially relevant when external action is applied, such as temperature, electrical, and magnetic fields, as

• based on the introduction of external electric, magnetic, or temperature fields during the ablation process (Figure 4f). In the following sections, the strategies for the shape-controlled synthesis of nanomaterials by laser ablation in liquids are summarized. 3 Discussion: Strategies for NP shape

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , bicyclogermacrene, and α-zingiberene as the main constituents [128][129]. The nanoemulsion was prepared with essential oil, polysorbate 20, and distilled water using magnetic stirring and aqueous titration, followed by emulsification. The resulting formulation had an average size of 171.1 nm (±1.2), a

• ), gamma-terpinene, globulol, and gamma-pinene, with eucalyptol being considered the main agent responsible for the larvicidal action [139][140]. The nanoemulsion formulation was obtained in a 1:2 (v/v) ratio between the oil phase (oil + polysorbate 20) and water, prepared by magnetic stirring followed by

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• JJ-based architectures face fundamental density constraints imposed by magnetic flux manipulation requirements and complex mutual inductive crosstalks. Circuits composed entirely of Josephson junctions (all-JJ circuits) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] represent a promising platform for energy-efficient

• ], voltage [20], or magnetic fields [21][22]. At the same time, the use of hybrid superconductor–normal metal structures makes it possible to increase the effect of frequency tuning [23][24], while the addition of ferromagnetic layers permits the non-volatile control [25][26]. Another feature of tunable

• unperturbed. Remarkably, a further increase of inductance to L/LJ = 4 (see Figure 2c) leads to the re-emergence of the Open mode. This non-trivial effect is governed by transient energy storage in the inductor L. Although the soliton is momentarily halted at the KICK, the subsequent release of stored magnetic