Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• , 0.82, 0.96, and 1.09 GW·cm−2. We studied the nonlinear response as a function of the input peak irradiance in order to reduce the error in the determination of the nonlinear parameters when only using a single measurement. We performed the z-scan for the single layers of the constituting materials. For

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• characteristics under illumination at 444 nm, while the thermally treated sample shows better absorption efficiency under illumination at 532 nm. Birefringence (∆n) before and after thermal treatment For the measurement of ∆n at 444 and 532 nm, we prepared different samples with the thicknesses in the range of

• 1200–4000 nm on a glass substrate. Thicker films were prepared because many potential applications – such as the inscription of polarization-selective holographic optical elements – require greater film thickness for optimal performance. The samples were heated in an oven and the measurement of ∆n

• spun at 1000 rpm to achieve thin film thicknesses ranging from 200 to 4000 nm. For spectral measurements, quartz substrates were used due to their lack of absorbance in the PAZO absorption region; thin film thickness was about 200 nm. A glass substrate was used for the measurement of birefringence (∆n

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , inconsistently formatted, and insufficiently annotated for robust ML/AI model training [63][64]. Moreover, these datasets often arise from disparate sources – academic research labs, industrial R&D facilities, and public databases – each with its own protocols and measurement standards. Such heterogeneity

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• method of output signal measurement and for the interaction between input and readout elements. Taking all modifications into account, the theoretical formula takes the form: where Icl is the control current (input signal), Ifb is the compensating (“feedback”) current (i.e., output signal), Ic is the

• latter to a current source “B” for biasing and a voltmeter “V” for voltage measurement in a four-point scheme (see Figure 13a). The source “B” supplies a current slightly above the critical one, causing the SQUID to operate in the resistive state. To vary the magnetic flux through the SQUID loop, current

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• applied for thermogravimetric analysis. The measurement was performed in an inert gas flow. The heating rate in this experiment was set to 3 °C/min with a final temperature of 800 °C. The sample was cut to fit the platinum pan. Elemental combustion analysis A LECO O836 analyzer was utilized to determine

• the oxygen mass percentage in each G-Flake® rGO paper sample. The equipment was calibrated with standard silicon oxide samples before each measurement. The samples of the measured materials were prepared to follow the requirement of the sample’s weight exceeding 0.01 g. The experiment involved four

• may be related to the loss of carboxyl, ether, and ketone groups [27]. The combustion elemental analysis, focused on the determination of the oxygen percentage (Table 1), revealed a value for the T400 sample (23.1% O2) that is close to that of M300 (22.4%), being within the range of measurement

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• bars. The significant scatter in the data, with the exception of the 0 and 500 V biases, prevents establishing a clear relationship between lateral force and substrate bias. Both calibration methods provide similar lateral force values, suggesting that measurement uncertainties are responsible for the

• observed scatter. Considering the results for a substrate bias voltage of 0 V in Figure 3b, the wedge and D-LFC results are closely aligned, although the wedge method yields slightly higher values. The NP size dependence of measurement accuracy might be attributed to the variations in contact geometry

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ratios [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and polarization anisotropy [30][31]. In biological applications involving fluorescent nanothermometry, light–tissue interactions must be carefully considered for an accurate temperature measurement. To address this, a wide range of luminescent

• electronic 4S3/2→2H11/2 transitions in Er3+ provide optimal sensitivity within the 30–50 °C range, making them highly suitable for biological applications [42]. C. elegans internal temperature measurement After evaluating the 3D temperature sensing capability of UCNPs@lipids, we applied this technique to

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• fabrication technology of the samples. In the second we describe the measurement setup and methodology. After that we present the results of the measurements with the calculations and simulation. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of the LO based on JJ arrays of the proposed topology. Experimental Samples

• technological layers near the JJ and the shunt in the cross-section shown by the dashed line in Figure 2 is shown in Figure 3. The details of the fabrication processes can be found in our previous works [19][20]. Measurement technique When the JJ array irradiates the SIS mixer, the probability of quasiparticle

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• spectra were acquired from 400 to 4000 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1. Reference spectra were acquired before each measurement to determine the absorption spectra under ambient conditions. Each measurement was averaged over 200 scans in continuous mode to improve the signal-to-noise ratio

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• to the handedness of CPL. Materials are optically active when they exhibit CD or optical rotation dispersion (ORD). The schematics of ORD and CD measurement principles are demonstrated in Figure 7a,b. Optical rotation, also known as circular birefringence (CB), refers to the rotation of the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• for analysis. Mode II extended the linear range to 0.10 ng/mL with an LOD of 0.576 pg mL, requiring 50 μL samples and 6 s. Mode II could effectively detect VB12 in nutritional supplements and egg yolks [24]. Another research group earlier introduced a CL technique for VB12 measurement, utilizing the

• particularly advantageous for luminescence-based sensing in biological samples, as it minimized autofluorescence through NIR excitation. This methodology enabled the measurement of VB12 levels in serum with an LOD as low as 3.0 nmol/L from a small sample volume of 200 μL [117]. In general, there are fewer and

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• conditions was 0.03 nm, and the roughness of the OTS on silicon was 0.55 nm for scans between 100 and 1000 nm. In this case, it was not possible to follow the same particles along the different humidity steps due to the instability of the measurement, which did not allow for locating the scanned area after

• surfaces with a stream of nitrogen. Contact angle measurements For static contact angle measurements, sessile drop experiments were performed in triplicates at ambient temperature (23–25 °C) with a standard contact-angle measurement system (G10 goniometer, Krüss). A droplet of ultrapure water of 4 µL

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• direct ROS measurement and apoptosis marker assays (e.g., Annexin V/PI staining, caspase-3 activation) will be crucial for validating and further elucidating these mechanistic pathways. The surface charge and zeta potential of AgSbS2 NCs, which strongly influence their colloidal stability and cellular

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• Materials, have developed guidelines and standards for the characterisation and measurement of nanomaterials, including definitions of key terms and concepts (Table 4). However, these guidelines are not comprehensive. Refining and universally adopting them is essential to foster the stratification of CNMs

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• perpendicular to the cantilever, which is also mounted at the same angle α to the horizontal [25]. The vertical movement of the fiber in z-direction (zf) changes the cavity length with . For the measurement of the actual tube piezo calibration factor , we measure the contraction and extension of the tube via

• the change in cavity length Δd as a function of the change in the added voltage . Initially, the control loop is frozen at , with derr = 0 for a long time (many days) to facilitate complete equilibration of the piezo tube. After the start of the measurement, is varied in positive and negative

• Discussion Results are compiled in the four frames of Figure 1, including linear functions that fit the measurement points. Measurements have been performed in the sequence of contraction ( = 0 … 120 V, Figure 1b) and then extension ( = 0 … −120 V, Figure 1a). Note that the contraction measurement yields a

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• stiffness (k) matching, a critical requirement for accurate contact mechanics models [20]. The stiffness k should be neither too large (to ensure a sufficient deflection signal for accurate force measurement) nor too small (to achieve adequate sample indentation). For heterogeneous samples with modulus

• the measurement points can be calculated using the contact mechanics models [18][22]. (ii) Concurrently, the piezoelectric actuator PD-II excites the probe at its higher eigenmode, inducing a minor vibration with an amplitude generally beneath 1 nm. This high-eigenmode oscillation amplitude remains

• , Figure S1), confirming that the nanomechanical data and phase contrast extracted from these ROIs are reliable and were not compromised by topographic alterations. In addition, independent reproducibility tests were performed on multiple regions, and the measurement results were highly consistent across

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• important question to consider which possibilities exist to tune the interaction of guest molecules with the surfaces more precisely. Because the concentration of the amino acid groups is relatively low in our materials, the first idea is to increase it. The measurement results using AlaNH15oSIL are shown

• Bruker Magnetech MS 5000 equipped with a variable temperature unit (TC-H03 Temperature Controller, magnetech GmbH). Prior to use, all materials and solutions were degassed under argon by at least 10 pump–freeze–thaw cycles. For each measurement, 50

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• bring physical values or interpretation to the data that is collected by the AFM, allowing operators of the technique to compare their measurements across fields [6]. CR-AFM is a technique that was established in 2008, allowing for the measurement of mechanical properties (elastic modulus and

• viscoelastic modulus) of surfaces [5]. It is particularly useful for the measurement of heterogeneous surfaces, characteristic of composite and biological materials, where understanding the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties of the constituent materials is critical for the performance

• entire length of the measurement [14][15][16]. This calculation results in a single measurement of the cantilever’s oscillation frequency and other oscillation parameters, but can also result in high frequency/spectral resolution that can allow for the determination of quantifiable results for parameters

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• the LNP outer shell showed a slight tendency toward more negative values as PEG density increased, from −2.84 mV at 1 mol % to −4.11 mV at 5 mol %, though the difference falls within the measurement variability. The EE% of mRNA payload remained greater than 90% across all PEG levels, though a small

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• damping parameter and kinetic inductance measurement. Close mode (red zone): The KICK does not allow the SKS to pass through. Open mode (blue zone): The SKS passes through the KICK. T-mode (green zone): The KICK has two stable states, and every second SKS passes through it. M-mode (purple zone): The KICK

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• causing significant wideband mechanical vibrations, which can propagate through the cold stages down to the measurement apparatus. However, force sensors with integrated position detectors, as the one presented in this work, do not require free-space optical alignment with a long optical path length. They

• determined by all sources of noise. The total noise can be expressed as the sum of the power spectral densities (PSDs) of uncorrelated contributions such as the thermal fluctuations in cantilever deflection (Ω) [m2/Hz] at the effective mode temperature T, measurement back action noise , and the frequency

• -independent added noise of the detection SVV [V2/Hz], which is converted to an equivalent deflection noise via the detector responsivity α [V/m]: Neglecting back action, the noise-equivalent force for a given measurement bandwidth Δf is given by This quantity is minimized at the mechanical resonance

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• controlled measurement configuration. SRIM-calculated depth distribution of ranges of Ag ions with energies of 20 keV and 1.5 MeV in GO and PI and Ag ions’ nuclear stopping powers (Sn) and electronic stopping powers (Se) in the same matrix. The ERDA spectra of pristine and implanted samples. (a) GO 20 keV Ag