Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• . Conclusion Using a material system of polymeric FGMs made of reinforced polypropylene with graded glass fiber content, we were able to demonstrate the two-part attachment mechanism of European mistletoe with its V-shaped interfacial structure and the gradual progression of mechanical properties along it

• used in future studies to systematically investigate this functional mechanism and its relevance to plant material systems, thus laying an even broader foundation for mistletoe-inspired composites. The knowledge of the different failure behavior of PP and PPGF was also used to program the failure

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• carbon cloth substrate via a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism [19][20]. Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1 shows the homogeneous precipitation of hydrogen titanate nanowires on the carbon cloth. Subsequent calcination in air at 450 °C transformed the hydrogen titanate structures into anatase

• photocatalytic degradation mechanism. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7 explores the effect of the pH value on the OFL degradation efficiency. The highest degradation occurs at a slightly alkaline pH (pH 8), where ROS generation and pollutant adsorption onto TiO2 are the most favorable. Both strong acidic

• our system. The introduction of KBrO3 resulted in a relatively modest reduction in the removal to 41%, suggesting that the involvement of e− is minor in the process. These results indicate that the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is predominantly governed by photogenerated holes, followed by

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• environmental cues [37][40][41]. Perspective Expanding the material palette for biodegradable electronics The elucidation and experimental validation of the biodegradation mechanism of single-crystalline silicon [14][42][43][44] marked a significant turning point in the development of bioresorbable electronics

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the propagation direction [34]. Formation of NPs in liquid media during laser ablation is known to be a complex phenomenon. A typical mechanism assumes that the ablation process starts with absorption of the laser pulse by a target during first tens of nanoseconds, followed by electron–phonon

• of ethanol decomposition or ethanol molecules. In [10], this mechanism has been supported by the results of optical emission spectroscopy of the generated plasma, which showed the presence of silicon species, including atomic (390.55 nm) and ionic (385.61, 413.10, and 505.61 nm) lines, as well as

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• chelation of divalent ions at later stages. In fact, chelation mechanism has been reported in previous studies including PAMAM-functionalized carbon materials [46][47][48]. Moreover, the kinetic study for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions by dendrimerized CNTs-G5 was evaluated using two kinetic

• metal ion adsorption is an endothermic spontaneous process across all studied temperatures. The relatively low ΔH values support the conclusion that the overall adsorption mechanism is primarily governed by physisorption. The recyclability of the adsorbents is an important parameter to assess their

• using 30 mL of distilled water through a ring-opening mechanism [51]. Then, 0.4 g of freshly prepared MA was mixed with 3.0 g of a DES synthesized by the reaction of choline chloride and zinc chloride in a 1:2 molar ratio under continuous stirring at room temperature until a homogeneous liquid was

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• catalysis, solar energy, and light emission. A critical review on the emerging topic of laser ablation, fragmentation, and melting in liquids, and key reports on both the fundamental principles and applications related to these processes are available in [6]. In another review, the formation mechanism and

• mechanism of NPs in PLAL has been investigated extensively, primarily through the use of laser-induced fluorescence analysis and shadowgraph analysis [17][18][19][20][21]. Use of small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray imaging techniques has enabled a more comprehensive

• exploration of the nanoparticle formation mechanism. These advanced analytical methods offer higher temporal and spatial resolutions compared to conventional techniques [22][23][24][25]. A recent review by Byram et al. [11] highlights the significant advancements made in PLAL over the past decade using laser

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• , violet, green, and blue. This makes AgNPrs highly suitable for optical sensing applications [2]. The formation mechanism of AgNPrs in solution typically proceeds through three stages, namely, nucleation, seeding, and crystallization, with the crystallization phase being the slowest and rate-determining

• , this method avoids excessive oxidative–reductive agents such as H2O2, thereby improving the structural integrity, stability, and potential applicability of the resulting AgNPrs. Formation mechanism of AgNPrs During the seed development process leading to the formation of AgNPrs, two critical components

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• as “adsorbent”, “adsorbent mechanism”, “waste”, and “walnut shell”, highlight the development of biochar from agricultural residues and adsorption mechanism evaluations. Similarly, terms like “aggregate”, ”soil remediation”, “identification”, “mechanism”, and “kinetics” indicate a research trajectory

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• water as a catalyst, then the final product gluconolactone was generated [28][29]. These reactions were illustrated in Scheme 2. Similarly, peaks were observed to be same during the reverse scan [29]. Based on curve shape and reaction mechanism, the peaks from the reverse curve around 50 mV were

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• considered as fully innovative, that is, no cross-resistance, new chemical class, new target, and new mechanism of action. Furthermore, just four of them are active against at least one pathogen of the top risk category [12]. The urgent need for novel antibiotics has led researchers to consider repurposing

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

• antimicrobial agents since they usually exhibit superior antimicrobial activity compared to silver(I) alone [100]. The mechanism of action of most silver complexes is based on a slow release of the silver(I) ions, which react with the thiol groups of proteins or with key functional groups of enzymes; the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ][10]. The main advantage of ferroptosis lies in its cell death mechanism, which bypasses multidrug resistance and improves conventional chemotherapy, highlighting its remarkable therapeutic efficacy [8]. Ferroptosis treatment holds potential for addressing a range of conditions, including liver

• polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), increased labile iron pool, and weakened GPX4–GSH defense mechanism [35][87]. Additionally, cancer cells that are resistant to therapy and exhibit certain cellular characteristics are susceptible to ferroptosis; for instance, cancer cells displaying a mesenchymal phenotype

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the

• -organization [33] to second harmonic generation [11] and cavitation instability [23][50][51]. Despite numerous studies, the formation mechanism of HSFL and the reason for their shorter periodicity compared to the laser wavelength remain elusive. Our previous work addressed this gap by patterning a single line

• LIPSS occurs at repetition rates of 100 kHz or less, where the sequence of successive pulses creates a feedback mechanism conducive to LIPSS formation. This results in pulse intervals of more than 10 µs, deemed sufficient for efficient heat conduction [55][56]. To achieve a clear formation of HSFL or

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• cells, which could exploit homotypic targeting mechanism and exosomes, are being employed to deliver anticancer/immune modulating drugs or vaccine delivery [2][24]. The cell or biomimetic NPs can alter biological functions via various pathways and can be effectively used in targeting and manipulating

• their action site to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Thus, it is critical to explore and understand the types, targeting mechanism, immune responses, and therapeutic outcomes of such NPs. Unlike previous reports, here, we provide an up-to-date review of recent advances in biomimetic nanomedicines

• [41]. Wayteck et al. have prepared liposomes that can hitchhike on cells to the tumor site and get separated to perform their cytotoxic activity [42]. 1.1.5 Cancer cells. Cancer cells establish their own mechanism to escape immune response [43]. They are tightly bound by surface proteins to hinder the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• , such as primary amines and sulfhydryl groups on proteins or other biomolecules. The reactive chemical group is the most important property of a cross-linker. The reactive group establishes the method and mechanism for polymer modification [43][45]. Harsh conditions such as low pH and high temperature

• ., they promote the disruption of the SC intercellular matrix [175] and/or extraction of the SC lipids [180]). Moreover, some penetration enhancers may operate by more than one permeation mechanism, which involves modifying either the diffusion of the drug in the SC or the solubility of the drug in the

• polyethylene glycolated hyaluronic acid. The system was designed to be incorporated into therapeutic fabrics for transdermal application, making it a potentially valuable tool for treating conditions such as atopic dermatitis. The release mechanism of gallic acid followed a first-order kinetic model, in which

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• min. The dissolution profiles of the micellar systems were also evaluated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), which indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism, preceded by a thermodynamically driven accommodation stage of PpIX into the micelles. The solubility of PpIX ranged from 0.138

• dissolution mechanism is mainly governed by simple diffusion, without significant swelling or erosion of the polymeric matrix [8], which is commonly observed in hydrophilic polymeric systems, as those produced by P407 [24]. In this context, the drug molecules diffuse through the micellar network driven by

• ), indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism occuring after the initial phase of micelle formation and subsequent accommodation of PpIX within the micellar core of the P407-based systems. These results reinforce the structural stability and controlled-release potential of the micellar formulations, particularly

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• barrier disruption, or the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [34][35]. Melanization serves as a fundamental defense mechanism in arthropods, contributing to the encapsulation of damaged tissues and neutralization of harmful agents, including ROS and foreign particles [36]. It is

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• functional theory (DFT) to explore the sensing capabilities of a ZnS (3,3) nanotube (ZnS NT) for detecting chloropicrin (CP, CCl3NO2), a highly toxic gas. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we systematically analyze the adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, band structure, density of states

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• catalysis or magnetic devices. This is due to their exceptional compositional tunability arising from the synergistic interplay of multiple elements within a single particle. While laser-synthesized, surfactant-free colloidal HEA NPs have already been reported, the underlying formation mechanism remains

• graphitic carbon coatings. The discovery of the structure-directing mechanism allows one to select between crystalline or amorphous HEA NP products, simply by choice of the laser pulse duration in the same, well-scalable setup, giving access to colloidal particles that can be further downstream processed to

• while the temperature is only around twice as high. Consequently, we can expect that the MSD is even lower for ps-LAL, possibly falling in a sub-nanometer range, which makes diffusion into liquid metal droplets more unlikely. This hypothesized mechanism that takes carbon diffusion into the particle core

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• apart from prior dense block techniques, which fail to use additional local dense connections across blocks [30]. Another modification is the cascading residual network (CARN), which uses a cascading mechanism at local and global levels to combine features from both levels [29]. Additionally, SR deep

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• . have demonstrated that GO is effective in the removal of actinides from nuclear wastewaters [8]. However, the adsorbing mechanism of metal ions to the GO surface, such as adsorption sites, remains to be elucidated. It has been demonstrated that GO tends to aggregate during the process of metal ion

• adsorbing mechanism of the Cs atoms to the SLGO sheet, we investigated the electronic structure and chemical properties of adsorbed Cs by changing the pH level of the Cs aqueous solutions. Figure 5 shows Cs 3d XPS spectra of Cs-adsorbed SLGO under three different pH values. No energy shift was observed

• have dissociation constants pK = 4.3, 6.6, and 9.8 [31]. It can be considered that Cs adsorbs on the oxygen functional groups through a mechanism of ion exchange. This process involves the substitution of H atoms from oxygen functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups, with Cs atoms. It can

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• mechanism in which ROS plays a critical role in the mineralization process in osteoblasts [63]. In addition, the slow degradation of hBNs, resulting in the release of boric acid, a boron compound that supports the osteogenic response, may further contribute to the increase in calcium deposition by inducing

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• involving this chromophore and the encapsulated 2. As far as the mechanism of this process is concerned, both singlet–singlet and triplet–triplet energy transfers are ruled out based on the following. Based on the absorption spectra of the ABF and 2, the lowest singlet state of ABF can be estimated to be

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• , with response times of the order of seconds or less [6][41][50]. The binding process between microtubules and mitochondria is well known [40][41]. The precise mechanism by which mitochondria and microtubules locate each other remains unclear, but their interaction is too directional to be coincidental