Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• of ablation, fragmentation or colloidal fusion may look macroscopically different in each application, the underlying fundamental mechanisms are always the same cascade of laser interaction with matter, non-thermal or thermal energy deposition, phase transitions, and the subsequent structure

• formation processes. Disentangling these mechanisms represents a veritable challenge, as ultrafast and structurally sensitive experimental methods are required. This review presents a discussion of how state-of-the-art experimental protocols using ultrafast lasers and sensitive structural probes, such as

• demanding studies that eventually show convergence with experimental results. Generally, the classification of the mechanisms in LSPC identifies three main pathways that are pictured schematically in Figure 1: (i) thermal processes, where the condensed matter is heated to high lattice temperatures, leading

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• . Accordingly, this parameter is referred to as the total edge volume (TEV). In the field of SPM, several mechanisms are known to influence parameters like the TEV without necessarily being related to the morphodynamics of the mitochondrion. In general, contributions to TEV(tP) in SPM experiments can include

• specific proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane, may shed light on the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Experimental Cell culture, isolation protocol, and viability measurements HeLa cells [54][55] (CCL™), obtained from ATTC, were cultured and harvested in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• supercapacitors involves two different kinds of charge-storing mechanisms: pseudocapacitance and electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) [5]. The reversible redox processes are the primary charge-storage mechanism for pseudocapacitors [6]. Even though the capacitance value of pseudocapacitors is theoretically

• electrolyte ions on the surface of electrode, the efficient dispersion of electrolyte ions within the pores of PG-CDs-AgNPs and on their surface, and the high mobility of cations and anions within the electrolyte are the three mechanisms that allow PG-CDs-AgNPs to store charge during electrochemical reactions

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• magnetic or superconductive structures can be created [1][2][3][4]. Also, specific mechanical structures on atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers can be made [5][6]. In the literature, four mechanisms are used to explain the complex process of focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID) [5][7]; the

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• different growth mechanisms, the resulting layers have different properties [47][48] and it can be expected that the track-etched nanopores also show different characteristics, including the track etching process itself. Understanding how the different fabrication methods influence the characteristics of

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• pump–probe X-ray diffraction, to more complex systems like highly doped and ternary oxides, or to systems with variable and well-controlled defect densities and architecture, also under operando conditions. Optimizing the lifetime of photoexcited charges, but also understanding the mechanisms and the

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• components affect the balance between phase explosion and spallation mechanisms, ultimately leading to differences in particle size distribution. Composition analysis The EDX mapping of Ge-based CCA NPs shows that the particles contain all constituent elements of the target (Figure 4a). As shown in Table 2

• , the percentage variation of each element in the CCA NPs is higher than in the bulk alloy when compared to the expected composition, and the standard deviation between NPs is also greater than that of the bulk alloys. This discrepancy is due to the different synthesis mechanisms of NPs and bulk alloys

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• observed in the TEM images. The rod-shaped particles, being fewer in number, are not captured in the selected TEM region. Also, in the TEM images of FIPA (Figure 2a), some hollow NPs are present. Hollow-structured NPs are typically formed through mechanisms such as the Kirkendall effect [36]. This effect

• transformations, are given in Figure 13. The results observed are contrary to those reported for generation of Ag NPs in different solvents [42]. They reported that acetone and water restricted the growth mechanisms and small narrow NPs of Ag were observed. In our study, though the average size of ≈17 nm for FeS2

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• subsequent cell-nanoparticle interactions remains unclear. Here, the effect of FCS heat inactivation on the in vitro behavior of the clinically applied and most studied D-Lin-MC3-DMA (MC3) LNPs was investigated and compared to LNPs containing a different ionizable lipid, C12-200 (C12). Moreover, mechanisms

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• were characterized, and the TC adsorption efficiency of PGC was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Elemental analysis of PGC identified four key mechanisms governing its endothermic TC adsorption mechanism: surface complexation, electrostatic interactions

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• nutraceuticals aiming at solubility enhancements. However, current discontinuously operated fragmentation setups suffer from chemical degradation by multipulse laser excitation at high fluence and do not allow for systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanisms. In this work, continuous-flow microparticle

• extraction methods, exemplified by extraction from coffee powders [10] and alkaloid drug extraction from ground root powder [11]. Initially, LSPC research focused on inorganic materials such as metals [12][13], semiconductors [1], and oxides [14][15], where the particle formation mechanisms are well

• that curcumin is not only susceptible to photodegradation but is also a known radical scavenger [61][62]. These two opposing mechanisms, which most likely have a different concentration dependency, may also be responsible for the higher chemical degradation at low concentrations. It has been reported

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• , which implies dissimilarities in the underlying doping mechanisms (See Supporting Information File 1, Section 3). Nevertheless, we decided that for our BCF batches the best approach was to dope both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA solely with BCF and forgoing using further additives LiTFSI and tBP. This was in

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• focused on the adsorption mechanisms [15][16]. To date, no studies have explored how FLG–TA affects the biocompatibility of dental cells. The current research provides new insights into the biocompatibility of FLG–TA with PDL cells. We make the assumption that the cytotoxicity of TA present on the surface

• capabilities through multiple mechanisms, namely, electron transfer, where hydroxy groups donate electrons to neutralize free radicals, and hydrogen atom transfer, where hydrogen atoms from hydroxy groups are donated to stabilize ROS [17][34]. This retained antioxidant activity could play a crucial role in

• research indicating that TA coatings markedly enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of human liver cancer cells, specifically HepG2, on the PDMS substrate when compared to pristine PDMS [37]. TA may possibly play a role in cellular adhesion mechanisms, potentially through surface protein interactions

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• way for the design of materials with tailored functionalities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Dielectric properties are fundamental for understanding the behavior and performance of various material systems, as they directly influence charge storage, polarization, and energy dissipation mechanisms. For instance

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• difference between the DPPH method and the others can be explained by the different antioxidant mechanisms. DPPH is more useful in apolar surroundings and mainly involves hydrogen donation. ABTS is a method that includes electron and hydrogen donation, in addition to being useful for both nonpolar and polar

• the molecular mechanisms involved. Conclusion The selected microemulsion containing the essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (M7-EOCF) was obtained using Eumulgin® CO40 and Tween® 80 as the surfactant phase; it presented itself as a transparent, liquid, and isotropic system, with nanometric droplet

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the fundamental mechanisms underlying precursor fragmentation by low-energy electrons, which remains an ongoing focus of study in the field, see Figure 1. Within the widely studied group of acetylacetonate complexes, which also play a crucial role in chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer

• unrivaled spatial resolution and 3D capabilities, focused ion and electron beams technologies face challenges in reproducibility and scalability, hindering their commercial applications. Hence, these techniques require better understanding of the atomistic mechanisms involving ions, electrons, adsorbates

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• [143]. Three mechanisms, namely, hydrolysis, enzymatic degradation, and oxidation, are primarily responsible for the extracellular breakdown of synthetic biodegradable polymeric materials in living organisms. Certain aliphatic polyesters are undeniably biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. It is

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• formation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of various nanochaperones developed to target AβOs, detailing their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential via focusing on two main strategies, namely, disruption of AβOs through direct interaction and the inhibition of AβO nucleation by binding

• to intermediates of the oligomerization process. Evidence from in vivo studies indicate that NMs hold promise for ameliorating AD symptoms. Additionally, the review explores the different interaction mechanisms through which nanoparticles exhibit their inhibitory effects on AβOs, providing insights

• interactions between n-mers (oligomers formed from a defined number of monomers), or from non-specific interactions, akin to micelles. The precise mechanisms underlying the formation of AβOs during the growth of AβFs remain elusive. However, researchers have identified three main pathways to explain this

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• supported in the literature. Upon penetration in a solid, energetic ions lose energy through two mechanisms: direct energy transfer to target nuclei via elastic collisions (nuclear energy loss (Sn)) and ionization of the target atoms through inelastic collisions (electronic energy loss (Se)). In the present

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• and desorption mechanisms. Comparison with other precursors confirms that the β-ketoesterate family has the highest ligand removal percentage and constitutes thus an interesting model chemistry for further high-metal-content FEBID studies. The possibility of growing nanopillars makes this complex a

• under electron impact or getting trapped by newly adsorbing precursor molecules or diffusing molecules. The deposition process is governed by dissociation, desorption, adsorption, and diffusion mechanisms, all of which are influenced by experimental parameters [31] such as substrate temperature

• , molecular and electron flux, beam scanning strategies, and the choice of substrate and precursor. Altering any of these parameters can affect multiple deposition mechanisms simultaneously. The dissociation of precursors under electron impact is particularly complex because of the involvement of a broad

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• create damage within the target material, as demonstrated in Figure 1C. These findings highlight the significant interactions between the nitrogen ions and the molybdenum target material during the implantation process, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms that govern ion implantation and the

• microstructure and the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic stress mechanisms. Figure 4 shows that the tensile stress in as-deposited Mo thin films decreases from 1.25 to 0.31 GPa as the film thickness increases from 150 to 300 nm, attributed to the relaxation of intrinsic stress induced during deposition. At

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• sources generate enormous possibilities for material modifications both physically and chemically. Further, there are diverse ion production mechanisms. The fundamental process of producing ions is the collision of atoms with ions or electrons, which may be either elastic or inelastic. In elastic

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• essential for tailoring thin film properties to meet specific application requirements. Further research efforts focusing on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of adsorbate–substrate interactions and their impact on thin film growth dynamics will continue to drive advancements in materials science and

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• of various materials [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] using different mechanisms [25][26][27][28] have been conducted via LRL. High-energy ultrashort pulses focused and irradiated into a solution cause the breakdown of solvent molecules. Then, produced solvated electrons among reactive species reduce the

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34