Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• MoSe2 on a gold substrate to the Janus MoSeS structure [77]. Also, a facile low-temperature thiol chemistry route was suggested to remove sulfur vacancies in 2D MoS2 [78], which resulted in a significant drop in the number of the charged impurities and traps and increased the mobility. Qualitatively

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• hydrophilic membrane, Millipore®), corresponding to a 500-fold dilution, as shown in Equation 1. The zeta potential was determined by measuring electrophoretic mobility at 25 °C using the same instrument (Zetasizer® Nano ZS, ZEN 3600, Malvern Instruments, USA). Prior to analysis, the samples were diluted 500

• restricting molecular mobility and reducing direct light exposure within the matrix. However, the most pronounced protective effect was clearly associated with the presence of the TiO2-containing layer, indicating that spatial separation of functions enabled by multilayer 3D printing is critical for achieving

• nanoparticle aggregation. In addition, the hydrogel network acts as a steric barrier that limits nanoparticle mobility and reduces particle–particle contact during printing and drying. Previous studies have demonstrated the compatibility of SSE 3D printing with nanocarrier systems without significant loss of

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• studies and FTIR spectroscopy measurements, respectively. Funding This work was partially supported through grants of the Graduate Mobility Program of the Macro-University Network of Latin America and the Caribbean-2017 and ERASMUS+ KA107-2020, as well as by the LUCES laboratory of the Institute of

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• conductivity and mobility. Reversing the bias in a standard LAO setup enables the restoration of conductivity in GO layers or flakes through a localized reduction reaction [87][103] or a localized catalytic reaction [104]. In Figure 5a,b, we show a conductive AFM image of a single restored rGO feature [87

• , and carrier mobility. As a result, precise control over oxidation depth and lateral diffusion during processing may require the use of lower voltages and carefully optimized humidity conditions. Hybrid approaches, which combine LAO with complementary techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• , high-strength materials for advanced armour systems and protective gear. For example, nanostructured ceramics and nanocomposites enhance ballistic protection while reducing weight, improving mobility for soldiers [7]. Additionally, nanosensors can detect chemical and biological threats in real time

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• study, this reverse trend is probably a result of the reduced NL electrophoretic mobility due to the hydrodynamic resistance given by the presence of PEG. This also contributes for masking the predominant negative charge of the structural phospholipids present in the NLs [18]. Stability studies of

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• reduced molecular mobility within the lipid bilayer [67]. Specifically for 5-FU, Ezekiel et al. (2021) [66] confirmed the preservation of its characteristic bands after encapsulation in soybean lecithin liposomes, reinforcing that the presence of these peaks in our formulations indicates successful

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• -dimensional lattice curvature [6]. The in-plane electron transport is a result of the high charge carrier mobility in the two-dimensional π-conjugated electron system. Deviation from the perfect hexagonal lattice by the insertion of heteroatoms, structural defects, or local disorder, creates electron trapping

• sites and hinders the electron mobility [7]. In addition, zigzag and armchair edges in graphene nanoribbons will open the bandgap and create trapping sites. Thus, small graphene nanoribbons will show higher electrical resistance compared to larger nanoribbons and infinite two-dimensional sheets. The in

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• necessary to reach separation is an important point. We have employed the two enantiomers of a chiral, nitroxide-based spin probe as guests in organo-modified macroporous host materials and applied ESR spectroscopy as a tool to investigate their rotational mobility. Using a well-established and commercially

• material. In essence, one sees here the interplay of all processes contributing to transport. Gathering information about the phenomena at short(er) distances and short(er) timescales and about the correlation between the mobility of guest species and intermolecular interactions with functionalized

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• using a Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (Malvern Instruments, UK) at 25 ± 2 °C, with a detection wavelength of 633 nm and a backscattering angle of 173°. The zeta potential was assessed via electrophoretic mobility measurements using the same equipment under identical temperature conditions. For both

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• , calibrated PFM mapping, and macroscopic tests) alongside application metrics (rate constants and degradation efficiency); (2) systematically including control experiments to isolate different contributions; (3) evaluating phase purity and interlayer chemistry, given their influence on charge mobility and

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• properties is its Tg, which determines the point at which the polymer transitions from a rigid, glassy state to a more flexible, rubbery state as the mobility of the polymer chains increases with rising temperature. Above Tg, the polymer becomes rubbery, leading to increased rates of water and drug mass

• transfer throughout the entire polymer matrix. However, in NPs, a balance between amorphous and crystalline states is necessary to optimize mechanical strength and drug release rates. The glass transition temperature reflects the polymer chain’s permeability and mobility, influencing its susceptibility to

• triggers hydrolysis, producing acids that catalyze degradation, thus enlarging the pores, a phenomenon known as swelling, which is particularly relevant in systems based on hydrophilic polymers. The mobility of the polymer chains, which is influenced by their Tg (decreasing as the polymer molecular weight

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• determined by electrophoretic mobility using the same instrument at 25 °C. Calculations were based on the Smoluchowski model. All measurements were performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. pH Value The pH value of the pre-formulation and nanoformulations was measured using a

• droplets, increasing surfactant mobility on their surfaces [98]. This mobility may create gaps at the interface, ultimately promoting coalescence and causing destabilization over time. To avoid this effect, Kolliphor® HS15, a non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant, was added as a second surfactant. The addition

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• properties, are used: where t and t´ are different time points; α and β are components of the random force vector, for the three-dimensional case {α,β} = {x,y,z}; δ(t − t´) is the Dirac delta measure; kB is the Boltzmann constant; is the reduced Planck constant; B is the mobility value of the Brownian

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• mobility of charged particles in a suspension under an electric field to deposit them onto a substrate (Figure 14e). The key advantages of EPD include precise control over film thickness, uniform deposition, scalability for large-area coatings, and compatibility with a variety of materials achieved through

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil through adsorption, mobility, and propagation mechanisms [62]. MPs facilitate the movement and spread of ARGs by serving as carriers. For example, PS contamination at 1% increased ARG abundance to 0.26 copies per cell compared to 0.21

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• absorption, moderate bandgap (≈2.4 eV), high theoretical photocurrent density (≈7.5 mA·cm−2), and chemical stability in aqueous environments [7][8][9]. Nevertheless, BiVO4 suffers from intrinsic drawbacks such as low charge carrier mobility, limited conductivity, and rapid recombination of photogenerated

• . This distinction suggests that while the crystallite size governs the internal crystalline quality and carrier mobility, the particle size affects the surface area and interface kinetics. Ideally, a material such as BiVO4(326) with both large crystallites and small, porous particles offers superior PEC

• interconnected morphology (Figure 2), likely promotes better carrier mobility and PEC efficiency. The ABPE curves (Figure 5b) demonstrate that BiVO4(326) achieved the highest efficiency of 0.4% at 0.8 V vs RHE, compared to the lower efficiencies of the other samples. This improvement is attributed to the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• phenomenon that becomes increasingly efficient at elevated temperatures, promoting the formation of smaller droplets. Additionally, elevated temperatures enhance molecular mobility and solubility, facilitating droplet disruption and dispersion effects observed in bocaiúva oil nanoemulsions above 60 °C [48

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• mobility [43]. When CEO content exceeds 8%, WVP slightly increases to 5.27 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1, likely due to structural heterogeneity and phase separation within the polymer matrix [45]. These findings suggest that an optimal PE-CEO concentration exists to balance water resistance and mechanical

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• ] can be referred to. For the EBE-deposited thin films, the coatings were assigned into the less dense Zone 1 or Zone T (transition), where low adatom mobility resulted in a coarse-grained columnar structure with voids between the grains, clearly observable in the annealed films (Figure 3a). This

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• ; piezoelectricity; Introduction The skeletal system is a vital component of the human body, serving both structural and reservoir functions. It provides support, protection, and mobility while also storing essential minerals and lipids, regulating endocrine functions, and producing blood cells. Bone tissue

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• represented examples, these materials possess flexible structures while exhibiting physical properties based on an ordered structure. Additionally, they are advantageous for expressing diverse dynamic physical properties, including stimuli responsiveness and carrier mobility. Liquid crystals and plastic

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• electrolyte ions on the surface of electrode, the efficient dispersion of electrolyte ions within the pores of PG-CDs-AgNPs and on their surface, and the high mobility of cations and anions within the electrolyte are the three mechanisms that allow PG-CDs-AgNPs to store charge during electrochemical reactions

• decent ionic mobility, TEABF4/DMSO may be helpful in maximizing the electrochemical activity. Comprehensive electrochemical experiments, such as cyclic stability, EIS, GCD, and CV evaluations, were conducted on the ASC device. A CV test (Figure 6b) of the ASC device was first performed at a fixed scan

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• its ability to absorb UV wavelengths [32]. This concept was used to fabricate photodetectors (PDs) using pyrite NPs on Si substrate as it inherently has the advantages of exceptional photo-absorption, high mobility, and high absorption coefficient as initially mentioned. Self-powering PDs have a

• the cause for comparatively reduced photocurrent. Additionally, it has been reported in CZTS thin films that the electron mobility of spherical and rice-shaped nanoparticles exhibits comparable values (≈430 cm2·V−1·s−1) and is greater than that of rod-shaped particles (≈260 cm2·V−1·s−1). The

• NPs obtained in acetone is comparable to the reported work on Ag, we observed precipitation within a few minutes. The precipitation of FeS2 NPs in acetone can be attributed either to the relatively low viscosity (0.306 mPa·s) of acetone, which means that NPs have higher mobility, increasing the