Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• four distinct generations [52], each shedding light on the mechanisms of various photocatalysts used for pollutant degradation, namely, single-component transition metal oxides (TMOs) representing the first generation, doped TMOs, binary TMOs, and doped binary TMOs as the second generation, and

• , oxides of titanium, zinc, bismuth, and tungsten, as well as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and their substitute materials are commonly synthesized and used as photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotics from contaminated sources. These materials are synthesized through a variety of

• , including biochar, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), functionalized mesoporous silica, porous organic polymers, zeolite, and derivatives of graphene. These substances act as a support for metal oxides and immobilize the catalyst, increase the catalyst surface area, and improve the chemical stability

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• organic solvents. Various nanoparticle compositions were found for iron [7][24][25] and titanium [26][55], including carbides, oxides, and oxocarbides, resulting in a higher affinity towards non-polar solvents. While this was not shown for aluminum nanoparticles previously, it is known that aluminum can

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• condensates and therefore complementing the OT study. These results point out that rare earth elements should be considered for further research studies in DNA science. Experimental Optical tweezers assays Rare earth oxides (X2O3, X = Yb, Nd, or Er) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further

• purification. Concentrate rare earth stock solutions (≈1 mM) were prepared by dissolving each oxide in deionized water, slowly adding a small quantity of HCl since these oxides are insoluble in water. From these stocks, less concentrated solutions were prepared at various rare earth concentrations by diluting

• condensation is related to the use of HCl to dissolve the rare earth oxides in solution during the sample preparation process (see section “Experimental”). It is well known that these oxides react with aqueous HCl producing the trivalent cation form of the rare earth elements and water [30]. Thus, the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• literature. In our earlier reports, HfO2 nanoparticles, nanoribbons, and nanofibres were synthesised by ablating HfO2 pellets utilising femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm [10][30]. A bulk Hf target was also ablated in another work using nanosecond laser pulses in different liquids to synthesise oxides and

• ) in different solvents. They observed that the choice of the surrounding liquid environment allowed them to tune the properties of the iron-based NPs, for example, the generation of iron oxides or carbides. In the present case, the surrounding liquid possibly had a huge influence on the formation of

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• in most biological and chemical reactions involved in the production of medical materials [10][11][12][13]. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as iron oxides, not only exhibit superparamagnetism and high magnetic susceptibility, they also possess unique physical properties, biocompatibility

• and toxicity effects; as of May 2024, the website clinicaltrials.gov listed data on the development of 51 clinical protocols involving iron oxides NPs [25][26][27]. Surface chemistry and delivery route of MNPs affect their biodistribution patterns and circulation time in the body [28]. It is known

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• reliable except the one NM sample whose leverage value was equal to 0.859. Random forest regression model Data preprocessing To facilitate data analysis, the unique string feature names of the chemical formula descriptors were converted into a binary variable. For this purpose, metal oxides (e.g., CeO2 and

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• capacity, and an acceptable efficacy of the electron transfer, Cu3(BTC)2 exhibited a good sensitivity to 2,4-dichlorophenol in the range from 0.04 to 1.00 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 9 nM in differential pulse voltammetry measurements. Moreover, the combination of metal oxides and MOFs showed better

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• -efficient than conventional heating methods [12][13][14]. This approach is particularly advantageous in technology applications, as it significantly reduces reaction times from days to mere hours or minutes and enables the production of nanocrystalline oxides in the form of powders and films on various

• of amorphous oxide nanopowders, the precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, and the drying and thermal treatment of oxide films [23]. However, there has been comparatively less focus on studying chemical reactions in sol–gel solutions under microwave irradiation [24][25][26][27]. Numerous

• oxides have been synthesized by exposing precursor solutions to microwave irradiation, including MgO [28], RuO2 [29], ZrO2 [30], WO3 [31], SiO2 [32], TiO2 [33][34], and ZnO [12]. The microwave power utilized in these processes varied from 140 W [34] to 850 W [29]. ZnO is a widely studied n-type oxide

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• range of substances that can be categorized as carbon-based, metal oxides, semiconductors, polymers, clays, emulsions, or metals [2]. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are metallic oxides that exist within the nanoscale range and can be intentionally created or occur naturally [3]. Under the rapid

• ) of the zebrafish hatching enzyme (ZHE1) of 24 MONPs is utilized for the modeling study [33]. The experimental data (%EIzebrafish) ranged from −1.04 (Co3O4) to 44.72 (Cr2O3). Descriptor calculation Models were developed based on the fundamental properties of these metal oxides that can be obtained

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• FET-based biosensors. 2.2.22 T-shape channel TFET-based biosensors. Shaw et al. [38] designed, for the first time, a split-gate T-shaped channel tunnel (SG TSC) TFET-based biosensor. In this structure, the middle part of the gate oxide is etched away to form a cavity in between the gate oxides on

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• advancement of nanotechnology has led to the widespread utilization of engineered nanostructured metal oxides (ENMOs) in various industrial and biomedical applications [1]. Nanoparticles (NPs) are described by the International Organization for Standardization as structures characterized by one, two, or three

• line (e.g., 6, 9, and 15). Other descriptors including maxssO, maxHBd, maxdO, ndO, ndssC, and nHBDon_Lipinski contribute less to the cellular uptake of ENMOs in the U937 cell line. Conclusion Identifying the surface modifiers of engineered nanostructured metal oxides (ENMOs) that enhance affinity for

• modifiers of nanostructured metal oxides. This may facilitate a higher therapeutic response by surface modifier-mediated site-specific targeting to the cell surface receptors of particular cell types. Further availability of sufficient and reliable uptake data of ENMOs in other cell types is also needed for

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• ]. Additionally, iron oxides were considered as iron precursors required to make MIL-100(Fe). The first candidate Fe3O4 was used to successfully fabricate MIL-100(Fe) in a hydrothermal reactor in the absence of HF and HNO3 [26][27]; it resulted in enhanced porosity of the obtained material when increasing the

• environment. In contrast to metallic iron and iron salts, iron oxides are acknowledged for their easy storage and abundant availability in raw materials derived from natural iron oxidation processes and steelmaking industry waste [29][30]. These characteristics play a crucial role in the selection of

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• common to find nano-QSAR models focused on groups of nanoforms that have different activity but are chemically homogeneous in their core, that is, which include NMs with the same or similar core composition (e.g., only nanotubes and fullerenes, or only metal oxides). One example is the use of the count

• toxicity of metal oxides using two parameters, namely, the experimentally measured concentration of the metal (expressed as a percentage) and the conduction band energy, which was calculated from different physicochemical constants and also from experimental measurements of zeta potential and diffuse

• such as those of Liu et al. [76] and Fourches et al. [44] that describe a series of NMs with different compositions, including different iron oxides and quantum dots, only on the basis of their size, magnetic values, and zeta potential, without any direct consideration of the composition (i.e., no

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• the formation of reducing agents for metal nanoparticle formation during irradiation of metal salt solutions with ultrashort pulses. Several LRL syntheses of nanoparticles, which provide either noble metals, base metals, or oxides, are available and, given the recent review of Frias Batista et al

• gave rise to an amorphous iron core, while tetrahydrofuran and dimethyl sulfoxide formed magnetite/maghemite or metallic iron. Oxides were detected for acetonitrile and dimethylformamide, and ablation in ethanol resulted in iron carbides [100]. Iron carbide formation was also found for ablation in

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• –sample force generated by the thermal expansion of the total excited volume is detected. This makes it very challenging to characterize thin films with a small thermal expansion coefficient (e.g., inorganic oxides) deposited on bulk materials with a large thermal expansion coefficient (e.g., polymers

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• metal oxides [1][9][10]. Metal oxides include TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, WO3, Cu2O, CuO, SnO2, Fe2O3, Bi2O3, Ag3PO4, BiWO4, BiVO4, BiFeO3, and SeTiO3, while chalcogenides are represented by ZnS, ZnSe, CdS, PbS, CdSe, SnS2, and Bi2S3. Among porous semiconductor materials, recently developed super-lightweight ones

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• -1086). It is notable that the XRD pattern of cobalt ferrite with the initial Fe/Co ratio of 2 (stoichiometric ratio) exhibits the diffraction of iron oxides at 2θ of 24.2°, 33.2°, 40.8°, and 49.6° (JCPDS no. 33-0664). This means that a part of cobalt ions goes to the liquid phase during synthesis

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• actually very thin (a few atomic layers). Another possibility is that the resulting oxides are not good insulators but possess finite conductivity or that metallic shortcuts are present inside the insulating layers. Finally, in contrast to our theory [50] assuming nonmagnetic insulating barriers, the

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• employ the properties of transition metals and metal oxides (e.g., cobalt, iron, cerium, and gold), which can generate a cycle of reduction and oxidation stages [20][21][22][23]. Among these metal oxides, cerium oxide-based nanomaterials have been deeply studied with regard to the mechanisms of CAT

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• . In this regard, radio frequency (rf) sputter deposition is one of the preferred choices as an industry-compatible method to grow WOx thin films [2][19][20][21]. Apart from thin films, nanostructured metal oxides generally possess superior electrochemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts

• reduced in nature. This explains the observed low work function values of the films, which are mainly due to the presence of a high concentration of OV in the same (see XPS results). Greiner et al. have pointed out that a higher work function can be achieved in metal oxides in fully oxidized form compared

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• well as in biological systems. Since the cell membrane is negatively charged, the interaction between NPs and cell membrane or organelles can be highly influenced by the zeta potential. There is an increased interest in integrating data on metal oxides in the field of nanotoxicology that would be able

• potential of the MeOx NPs in the cell damage dataset (dataset II), which lacks the zeta potential information (imputation of sparse data). The zeta potential was used as a descriptor in the model development along with the PT descriptors. Although the solvents used for testing metal oxides in both datasets

• using this simple tool. This means that we were able to make predictions for untested metal oxides with great confidence. QSPR model for zeta potential The zeta potential is the key parameter from the regulatory point and can directly affect the NPs’ behavior in solution and their interaction with

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• generally, this point is critical for the characterization of samples synthesized using new methods or new precursors that can lead to the co-deposition of several by-products (such as carbon, oxides, and metals), which can significantly change the measured Raman intensities. Based on the results presented

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• each selected protein immobilized on different fcc planes of the aluminum surface. These heatmaps for individual proteins are acquired through UnitedAtom (UA) simulations [24][25]. While the UA method has been parameterized for a range of rigid surfaces, including metals (Ag, Au, Cu, and Fe), oxides

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• to more stable and less available solid forms by forming complexes with oxides such as aluminum or iron, or by precipitating as Zn carbonate [7]. The recommended Zn level needed for the majority of crops to be healthy ranges from 30 to 200 μg Zn g−1 dry weight (DW) of plants [8]. Therefore, the