Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• typically range from 200 to 300 nm [74]. The basic structure of SF is formed by the HL complex, in which H is the heavy peptide chain with a molecular weight of 350 kDa and L is the light peptide chain of about 25 kDa; both are bonded together by disulfide connections [83]. The glycoprotein P25 is non

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• . The most widely utilized monoclonal antibodies in AD research are 6E10 and 4G8 [19][20][21]. These antibodies were generated by immunizing mice with specific peptide fragments of Aβ, allowing them to bind effectively to amyloid aggregates. Importantly, the development of “conformation-dependent

• , particularly those associated with NDs like AD. Research has demonstrated the ability of fullerenes to prevent the aggregation of Aβ peptides. For instance, molecular dynamics simulations have shown that fullerenes inhibit the fibrillation of the hydrophobic KLVFFAE peptide by disrupting the formation of β

• peptide, effectively redirecting the formation of potentially toxic oligomers towards disordered coil structures. This mechanism not only hinders fibril formation but also shifts the balance toward less harmful aggregates [71]. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as another promising CNM

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• optimise ASO-based therapeutics for more precise and effective disease treatments. Keywords: antisense oligonucleotides; enhanced delivery; gene transfection; intracellular uptake; locked nucleic acid (LNA); nanoparticles; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); personalised therapy; phosphorodiamidate morpholino

• ′ position of the ribose ring, whereas third-generation ASOs are more diverse, containing a variety of sugar ring modifications or base modifications [19][20]. These include locked nucleic acids (LNAs) [21][22], phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) [23][24][25], peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) [26][27

• synthetic approaches, that is, chemical–enzymatic synthesis (CES), solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), and ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of N-carboxy anhydrides [62]. While CES and SPPS offer access to structural isomers (i.e., α-PLL or ε-PLL) and sequence-controlled ʟ-lysine-rich peptides

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• action of drugs with increased retention. We have developed an mucoadhesive alginate-based drug delivery system to be used in the stomach delivery of drugs. For the study, we used a carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled peptide (Mw = 2.8 kDa) as a model drug to be encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles. The

• EudAlg nanoparticles Encapsulation efficiency is an important parameter in determining the dose of therapeutic agents and, thus, the efficacy of the treatment. In the present study, we aimed to determine the encapsulation of a positively charged and large peptide molecule (Mw = 2.8 kDa) into the delivery

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• escape efficacy of SO with Aurein 1.2 (AUR), a well-established endosomal escape peptide known for its efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, serving as a positive control [12]. Our findings have the potential to significantly advance the development of safer and more effective liposomal drug delivery

• nanoformulations. Interestingly, the zeta potential of AUR-Lipo remained virtually unchanged at −2.42 ± 2.41 mV, indicating that the neutral charge of the AUR peptide effectively preserved the nanoparticle’s surface charge. When exposed to pH 5 for 1 h, Unmodified-Lipo maintained its size and charge, demonstrating

• evidenced by a shift in zeta potential to a slightly positive value of 1.07 ± 1.80 mV. This shift may be attributed to the protonation of amino acids such as glutamic and aspartic acid in the peptide sequence, which, under acidic conditions, likely contributes to an increase in positive charge [13

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• coated nanocarriers, such as PLGA NPs and silica NPs, enhance interactions with dendritic cells, leading to antitumor responses [25][26]. In a similar study with CMC-NPs composed of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and a CD59-specific binding peptide (CD59sp), the antitumor activity of the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp

• is linked to dementia and neuronal loss [70]. Focusing on BBB compatibility, lipid-based nanoparticles demonstrate high potential in facilitating drug delivery. Macrophage membrane-coated liposomes co-modified with the RVG29 peptide and triphenylphosphine cation have shown improved targeting of brain

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• , instability at physiological pH, and rapid metabolism hinder its clinical utilization [125]. Yang et al. fabricated HCT-encapsulated cyclic RGD peptide (c(RGDyk))-modified PLHNPs for improved therapeutic efficacy against BC [126]. Surface functionalization and PEG conjugation did not modulate the drug release

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• treating glioblastoma [161]. The delivery of RNA can also be increased by functionalization. One of the most popular functionalization choices is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) as it enhances brain targeting [162]. Therefore, researchers combined RVG29 and RNA

• modification with PEG and RVG29 improved the intranasal delivery of the NPs [163]. Li et al. also worked on RVG29 and developed core–shell lesion-recognizing NPs consisting of RVG29 peptide-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as the shell and a reactive oxygen species-responsive polymer loaded with

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• and (ii) targeting peptide for targeted delivery aimed at increasing efficiency against cancer. Although valuable, these systems have not been able to provide reduced protein corona formation and targeting ability, or they have not been scrutinized in complex biological environments. In fact, there is

• ions. The 20 most intense peptide ions with charge state ≥2 were sequentially isolated to a target value of 5000 and fragmented by collision-induced dissociation in the linear ion trap using a normalized collision energy of 35%. Dynamic exclusion was enabled with an exclusion size list of 500 peptides

• maximum of two missed cleavages allowed. A tolerance of 10 ppm for precursor ions and 1 Da for fragment ions was defined. A maximum of 1% FDR calculated using reverse sequences was set for both protein and peptide identification. Cell viability assays HaCat and KB cells were cultured in a DMEM culture

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• inorganic core, exemplified by the S–Au bond formed between cysteine-containing molecules and gold NPs [90][91][92]. Actively targeted AuNCs can also be prepared using bioactive peptides or proteins via a one-step biomineralization process, in which case the peptide or protein serves the purpose of both

• functionalized with RGD peptides as targeting ligands along with chemotherapy drugs and inhibitors of signaling pathways [96][97]. Their simulations revealed that the system composition and the peptide/drug ratio critically influenced the targeting ability of the particles. In addition to computer simulations, a

• particles. As stressed by Ruoslahti and colleagues [86][151], many peptide ligands bind their receptors with weak affinities in the high-nanomolar to low-micromolar range. This implies that delivering a substantial excess of targeted usNPs locally would be needed for receptor saturation ([usNP] = 9 × KD for

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• peptide-based micelle nanocomplex for delivering Pcbp2 siRNA as gene-silencing agent [74]. The surface of the nanocarrier was modified with a dimeric IGF2R peptide as a M6PR-targeting ligand of the activated HSCs. The use of cholesteryl peptide to construct the nanocarrier facilitated in vitro cellular

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• incubated for 10 min at RT until signal stabilization. The luminescence of each well was measured in a Cytation™ 5 instrument. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) The release of MMP by THP-1 macrophages 24 h after nanovesicle uptake was determined by measuring the fluorescence of the peptide FS-6. The FS-6

• peptide (MCA-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-DNP-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2) is a fluorogenic substrate with improved substrate properties and increased specific constant for collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14) compared with FS-1 [84]. Briefly, THP-1 macrophages grown at a density of 2 × 104 cells/cm2

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• antibacterial activity is high because of their small size and because any antibacterial natural or synthetic peptide containing KE diads may be used to create such PDA NPs. Fluorescent PDA NPs made with a KE diad-containing protein or peptide have never been reported so far. They may be obtained by labelling

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• due to the preparation process, which involves cross-linking of amino acid residues in proteins by glutaraldehyde (GA). As shown in Figure 3B, HSA retained its secondary structure, while both HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs lost their peptide bonds and secondary structure. The lack of secondary structure of

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• targeting of cyclic RGD peptides attached on PEGylated NPs. The cellular uptake of NPs with bound proteins was reduced to 26% compared with NPs without bound proteins (ca. 76%). The in vivo results also demonstrated that the targeting efficacy of cyclic RGD peptide-functionalized PEGylated NPs was much

New trends in nanobiotechnology

• Pau-Loke Show,
• Kit Wayne Chew,
• Wee-Jun Ong,
• Sunita Varjani and
• Joon Ching Juan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 377–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.32

• the interaction between peptides with physiological proteins. Through the study, the selection and rapid design of peptides based on peptide binding sites, hydrogen bond number, and binding affinity were obtained. It was also concluded the potential role of these peptides in the prevention of

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• wt % PLGA in ethyl acetate/ethanol) (O) system were functionalized with a cell-penetrating peptide (Tat) using carbodiimide chemistry [57]. The hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 48 to 65 nm depending on the Tat fraction. The functionalized nanoparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on Hela and

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• and proteins, have been demonstrated to be useful in the synthesis and self-assembly of inorganic nanostructures. Herein, we describe a simple Stöber-based method wherein both the synthesis and the self-assembly of SiO2 nanoparticles can be facilitated by a silica-binding peptide (SiBP). We

• . The results presented here provide a biomimetic route to the single-step synthesis and assembly of SiO2 nanoparticles into colloidal gels or opal-like structures. Keywords: biocatalysis; biomimetics; nanoparticle; peptide; self-assembly; silica; Introduction Ordered structures of nanoparticles have

• utility of a silica-binding peptide (SiBP) in the single-step synthesis and self-assembly of SiO2 nanoparticles into ordered 3D structures. The SiBP is a member of the “solid-binding peptides” family. Solid-binding peptides are designed to have strong and often specific binding affinity to solid surfaces

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• biomimetic NPs consists of poly(citrate–peptide) (PCP) and miRNA365 mimic as the core and are coated with the MC38 cell membrane. After targeting tumor tissue, the NPs exert antitumor effects by inhibiting the expression of Ki67/Bcl2 and enhancing tumor cell apoptosis [55]. This strategy combining gene

• incorporated surface-modified PD-L1 inhibitory peptide and MMP2 substrate peptide [54]. Manganese oxide (MnO2)-based NPs function as MRI imaging agents and can also utilize Fenton-like reactions to deplete GSH and generate •OH to mediate tumor cell death [123]. In the work of Fu et al., a hollow MnO2 NP-based

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• , and H1993 cells harbored MET amplification. Therefore, three types of siRNA were used as EGFR–scFv–arginine nonamer peptide fusion protein complexes, namely siRNA for KRAS, EGFR, and MET gene expression silencing (Figure 1). The synergistic effect of gefitinib and scFv antibody-mediated siRNA delivery

• -mimetic NPs, showed significant retention in the systemic circulation and significantly decreased macrophage uptake compared to the conventional NPs with PEG corona [123]. Improved targeting may be achieved by RVPNs coupled with the tumor-penetrating peptide iRGD specific to αv integrins and neuropilin-1

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• ′-direction to provide an overhang in both ends. Thus, the siRNA was captured by two kinds of antisense DNAs on the β-CyDs through RNA/DNA hybridization and co-assembled to the nanoparticles. Folic acid (for targeting tumors) and an influenza hemagglutinin peptide HA (for endosomal escape) were conjugated

• influenza hemagglutinin peptide HA (for endosomal escape) by inclusion complex formation of β-CyD with adamantane. In human cells, the RNA/DNA hybrid was digested by intracellular ribonuclease H to release the antisense DNA. Furthermore, the linker is divided into three portions through the cleavage of two

• transferrin (tumor-targeting protein) which bears poly(ʟ-lysine), mitochondrion-targeting peptide, poly(ethylene glycol), and arylazopyrazole (trans isomer) [89]. Under irradiation with NIR light (808 nm), the photothermal effect disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. 6 Some

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes [64]. Methylene blue is a very prominent intercalator for DNA-based sensors and biosensors [31][65][66][67][68][69]. For example, Plaxco's group reported the preparation of electrode-immobilised methylene-blue-modified oligonucleotides for electrochemical DNA and aptamer

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• . 1-TNA and 3-MPEA may induce the SA peptide chain to stretch and the aromatic heterocyclic hydrophobic groups of Trp residues and Tyr residues to be exposed, which weaken hydrophobic interactions and strengthen n–π* and π–π* interactions. For 2-OT and MEL cases, their hydroxy groups (−OH) may form

• peptide, insulin, and mandelic acid were examined by QCM. The results indicated that the molecules stereoselectively bound on the films and have a greater affinity toward the nanotubular film than toward the smooth film. This proved that the structural features of the polymer sensor film are also key

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• . The rough surface of the materials at the nanoscale helps cellular peptide adhesion for better stem cell growth and differentiation [12][13]. Nanomaterials have several advantages such as high surface area, increased mechanical strength, and induction of several important genes for bone tissue repair