Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• pharmacokinetics, and reduced side effects. Nanomaterials can directly target DNA or inhibit the DDR and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutics in multidrug resistant tumors [8][9][10]. Satapathay reported DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in HCT116 cells, human colorectal epithelial carcinoma cells, after

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• formulation, biopharmaceutics/release kinetics, and pharmacokinetics of TMZ. Also, surface functionalization attempts with multiple targeting ligands were made to deliver TMZ to the site of interest, exploiting the site-specific expression or overexpression of specific molecules on BBTB and GBM cells to

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• ][211]. Rigorous safety research, utilizing animal models, is essential to assess toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and biological impacts [212]. It is crucial to consider the anatomical and physiological similarities between animal models and human eyes to accurately predict safety and

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• adverse reactions. The toxicity of MNPs depends on various factors such as size, shape, structure, surface modification, concentration, dosage, biodistribution, bioavailability, solubility, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics [23][24]. Their use in some clinical applications is limited by low solubility

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• found to be very different from humans. Large animals (e.g., rabbits and dogs) are more suitable for assessing in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics more accurately and as closely as possible to the human situation [24]. In another study by Salade et al., the researchers designed chitosan-coated

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• human melanoma (M21) tumor-bearing mice [119]. The authors tested different cRGDY ligand numbers (6, 14 or 18) to understand how variations in ligand density impacted essential biological activities such as clearance, pharmacokinetics, and targeted tumor accumulation in M21 xenografts. It was observed

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• through modified nanocarriers could enhance their bioavailability by altering the pharmacokinetics as well as by protecting the unstable cargo against environmental factors [44]. Various potent antifibrosis substances from synthetic and herbal compounds suffer from limited solubility and lack of stability

• model, the efficient intrahepatic delivery of R406-PLGA NPs ameliorated liver inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatic steatosis, probably because of improved pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of R406. Despite its favorable toxicity profile, only 19 drug formulations based on PLGA have been approved by

• encapsulation of curcumin in the phosphatidylserine nanocarrier improved its in vivo retention time, while free curcumin was quickly cleared from the body. As a consequence of the altered pharmacokinetics of the curcumin nanocarrier, the accumulation of curcumin in the liver was also enhanced, confirming its

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• cancer treatment, the goal being to increase the fraction of injected drug delivered to the tumor and thereby improve the therapeutic effect and decrease side effects. Thus, we discuss how NPs are delivered to tumors and some challenges related to investigations of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and

• regard as weaknesses in this study, and concluded that more studies are needed to demonstrate if or to which extent active transport over the endothelial cell layer is a major contributor to the transport of NPs from blood into tumors [78]. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and excretion studies In order

• used to study biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and excretion of such particles. Thus, although we here focus on NPs, most of what we discuss could be directly transferred to similar discussions about EVs. We refer to Table 2 and our previous detailed discussions of the modalities used for whole-body

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• properties is a pharmacological challenge that could be addressed by formulating ALN in nanomedicines. Properly designed, intravenously administered nanomedicines allow one to control pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics of loaded active ingredients [19]. Inflamed endothelia present

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• and then to the in vitro Franz diffusion test with reservoir patch formulation as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics study with enteric capsules. We tested these formulations regarding their nanocrystal physical properties, size effect, and dissolution rate, respectively. We found that DCS nanocrystals

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• resistance to severe environments than the antioxidants originating from plants and animals. More interestingly, through nanoencapsulation and nanodelivery, antioxidant nanomaterials improve the pharmacokinetics of natural antioxidants by preventing their degradation under stress conditions [9][10

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• nanomedicines not only improve the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of classical medicines but also display higher effectiveness [97]. This portfolio of liposomal nanomedicines is now broadening to include other than oncological drugs, such as those to prevent deadly infections or treat chronic diseases [81

• large industrial volumes is the most challenging step in nanomedicine product development [112]. Slight structural changes induced during the industrial-scale production may modify pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics of nanomedicines and alter their therapeutic properties and toxic

• vicinity of target cells, signify they are bioavailable unless the drug is released or the nanomedicine is endocytosed. These factors make it difficult to determine the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanomedicines. (iii) In the blood circulation, nanomedicines tend to aggregate, adsorb plasma

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• NPs also helps to maintain its stability. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surface of NPs would serve as a brush to inhibit serum protein adsorption [4]. The PEO block of F127 shares the same core structure as PEG; hence, the emergence of a form of PEG would likewise improve the pharmacokinetics of

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• pharmacokinetics parameters. The nanoformulations were evaluated through efficacy criteria (e.g., parasite burden, egg counts, and granuloma diameter) or using traditional pharmacokinetics parameters (e.g., absorption rate or bioavailability). For example, Labib El Gendy et al. [49] showed that PZQ encapsulated in

• liposomes (500 mg/kg) could be more efficient than free PZQ treatment. Similar results have been shown in other works that also used liposome with PZQ in different concentrations [50][51][52][53]. In addition, Xie et al. [54] studied the pharmacokinetics of solid lipid nanoparticles composed of castor oil

• , enhancement of the dissolution rate of these drugs will present improved bioavailability [95]. Other works do not show effectiveness tests because they are focused on evaluating pharmacokinetics. Cong et al. [96] showed that PZQ nanoemulsion has sustained drug release for a long time, both in vitro and in

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• , detection, and eradication of cancer cells and biomarkers, with great potential in theranostic applications. Despite these advantages, the design and fabrication of targeted NPs for cancer therapy is still very challenging regarding biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, in vivo targeting efficacy, and cost

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• across the body. Their results agree with previous studies demonstrating that microneedles yield different penetrations depending on the injection site [24][25], whereby the closing of residual micropores and the pharmacokinetics may differ [26]. In the context of drug-loaded microneedle patches for

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• therapeutic effectiveness, regulated pharmacokinetics, known biodistribution, and minimal side effects are being sought. The mechanism of NanoEL shows great potential for future biomedical applications, but a more thorough investigation is still required [5]. Conclusion Effective transport of NPs to the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• . However, because of the difference in pharmacokinetics among agents, combined therapies may not effectively reach their targets. The obstacles regarding the simultaneous co-delivery of therapeutic agents at the site of action can be overcome using nanomedicine as a platform and nanotools as delivery

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• and a positive surface charge. The former is very important for the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles and needed for long blood circulation time, especially when a molecular targeting is aimed [36][37][38]. The latter is essential for the highly popular gene therapy, especially in the treatment of

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• side effects of conventional therapeutic agents [4]. Functionalized nanoparticles have the potential to improve the therapeutic performance of drugs by regulating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [5]. Moreover, water compatibility of nanocarriers provides better chemical stability and

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• the center-stage in drug delivery applications, wherein they can improve drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and may also increase drug accumulation in both animal cells and bacteria, proving beneficial to overcome drug resistance [1][2]. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), due to their

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• ]. In addition to the previous data, it should be stated that coadministration of CUR with another anticancer molecule may also serve to complement or potentiate its effects. The use of a single delivery system will also normalize any differences in the pharmacokinetics of co-encapsulated drugs that are

• toxicity, and extending product life cycles [7]. Moreover, they can enhance the therapeutic index and pharmacokinetics of several compounds [40]. This is due to their nanoranged size and the possibility of modifications that can make them able to cross biological barriers to reach a specific target organ

• , cell, or organelle, improving solubility, dissolution rate, and pharmacokinetics [5]. In the case of CUR, the nanosystem size directly influences its biodistribution as demonstrated by Bi et al. [41], who reported differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles when they administered CUR nanosuspension of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• mechanisms and increasing the overall therapeutic effect. Still, it is challenging to coordinate pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and intracellular concentration profiles of individual drugs with different physiochemical and biological properties [57][58]. Hence, current clinical combinatorial therapy

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• into the core of the nanoparticles gives the possibility to solubilize and protect the sensitive drugs or contrast agents [2][4][5]. Their pharmacokinetics, including the distribution from the blood stream into the tissue, depend mainly on the size and shape, the surface composition, the charge as well