Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• -etched nanopores in two types of silicon dioxide, namely, one produced by wet thermal oxidation of Si (thermal SiO2) and another deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Thermally grown SiO2 is of high quality and stoichiometric, however, requires high temperatures for growth, and

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• transformation of bare and nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond films under high-vacuum annealing The PCD film was produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE CVD) using acetone (CH3)2CO, hydrogen, and air as the precursor gases for the plasma [37]. The film consists of crystallites with

• 1150 °C [27] and for the (111) face of SCD annealed at 1250 °C [15]. Conclusion Polycrystalline diamond films with mixed grain orientations were synthesized by the PE CVD method from hydrogen/acetone/air plasma and coated with a 40 nm thick nickel layer. In situ XPS and NEXAFS data revealed the

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• are prepared by ball milling and spark plasma sintering or powder pressing and sintering. Nanoparticles (NPs) from the bulk materials are synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid. Magnetization measurements confirm a ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition in bulk alloys, with Tc = 179 K

• [50]. In the current work, we aim to develop NPs of bulk rare-earth-free MnTX-based CCAs via PLAL. We start with bulk Ge-based CCA synthesized by high energy ball milling (HEBM) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and an Al-based CCA obtained by powder pressing and sintering. Our goal is not

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• target absorbing the laser pulse energy and forming a plasma plume that is confined by the liquid. This is followed by the expansion of the plasma plume carrying the ablated material into the surrounding liquid and the production of a shockwave. The breakdown-related expansion of plasma pushing the

• surrounding liquid results in a cavitation bubble which is a thin layer of vapor of the surrounding liquid, as well as some material evaporating from the target. Some of the crucial elements influencing the formation of the cavitation bubble are the liquid environment, a stronger confinement of the plasma

• , and rapid energy transfer from the plasma to the surrounding liquid. The target and liquid are heated during the shockwave propagation, which may aid in the separation of material from the crater. The plasma plume cools down and releases energy to the liquid solution as it expands. This event causes

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• intravenously after which they are dependent on the adsorption of the plasma protein apolipoprotein E (ApoE) to their surface to efficiently target LDL-receptor expressing cells in the liver and deliver the siRNA cargo [25][26]. As the protein corona seems to play a pivotal role in LNP tissue distribution and

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates on thin (1.1 mm) glass from Ossila (11–13 Ω/cm2) with Zn powder and a 2 M HCl solution. Then, we brushed it thoroughly using a liquid alkaline concentrate (Hellmanex), followed by a 30 min argon plasma cleaning (200-G TePla Plasma System, Technics Plasma GmbH, at

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT

• plasma (Cmax) is reached after approx. 4 h, and the half-life is 9–13 h. An oral dose of 125 mg APT one hour before chemotherapy treatment (day 1), and 80 mg daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 are recommended [7]. APT is strongly bound to plasma protein (95%); it is absorbed slowly and crosses the

• humidity in the long-term stability study. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies Pharmacoikinetic studies showed a linear relationship between APT release and concentration in rabbit blood plasma (R2 = 0.9959). The pharmacokinetic parameters determined by measuring plasma concentration versus time are displayed

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• Figure 7 shows that exposure of rats to STZ induced significant metabolic lipid disturbances. In the control group of diabetic rats, there was a considerable increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC = 128.33 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG = 119.22 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL

• parameters. The EOCF group showed significant reductions in TC (83.56 mg/dL), TG (69.00 mg/dL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (13.89 mg/dL), and Castelli-2 index (1.13 ± 0.35 mg/dL). The M7-EOCF group showed reductions in plasma concentrations of TC (95.22 mg/dL), TG (80.44 mg/dL), LDL

• these levels in the groups treated with aqueous extract of lemongrass (100 and 200 mg/kg), ethanolic extract of lemongrass (125 and 250 mg/kg), and the essential oil of lemongrass (150 and 300 mg). Almdal and Vilstrup [47] and Mansour et al. [48] showed that induced diabetic hyperglycemia raised plasma

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• three stainless steel inlet tubes for LPG, oxygen, and nitrogen was used to synthesize CNTs. TEM images revealed a 0.35 nm interplanar spacing, showing high crystallinity and a thin amorphous layer [11]. In a separate study, CNFs were synthesized using acetylene and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor

• deposition with nickel as the catalyst and hydrogen as the plasma source. SEM and TEM characterization showed vertically aligned CNFs. This method highlights the impact of plasma conditions and gas ratios on CNF morphology and alignment [12]. An experiment by Li et al. showed CNT growth at decomposition

• at 1607 cm−1 and a few broad peaks, indicating less graphitization [14]. In another work, a high-density inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition method yielded vertically aligned CNFs using acetylene and hydrogen on a p-type Si wafer with a 10 nm Ni catalyst layer at 20 mTorr and 550 °C

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detecting soluble AβOs in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood plasma. It was capable of effectively distinguishing AβOs from Aβ monomers and fibrils, indicating its utility for accurate and selective detection of AβOs [53]. Another group of researchers utilized a similar approach of

• deficits, a substantial decrease in soluble Aβ and oligomer levels within the brain and a marked increase in Aβ levels in the plasma, indicating enhanced clearance from the body. These findings highlight the potential of antibody-functionalized NPs as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD [92]. While the

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• Arkaprava Das Marcin Zajac Carla Bittencourt Chimie des Interaction Plasma surface, Research Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Université of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.43

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• prospective substitute for tungsten in plasma-facing components of fusion devices. Klaver et al. [19] investigated the impact of irradiation with low-energy helium ions on the physical properties of molybdenum thin films. Ono et al. [20] studied the degradation of the optical characteristics of single- and

• polycrystalline Mo mirrors for plasma diagnostics when treated with low-energy He+ ion irradiation at ambient temperature and 400 °C. Takamura et al. [21] examined the effects of He plasma irradiation on Mo thin films. The temperature range for nanostructure growth was within a temperature range of 800 to 1050 K

• tensile after annealing. Lee et al. [24] efficiently incorporated nitrogen ions into epitaxial Mo films, forming a buried superconducting layer. They deposited atomically flat epitaxial Mo(110) films on Al2O3(0001) substrates. Carreri et al. [25] investigated high-temperature (800–1200 °C) plasma-based

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• generating ion beams in a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy electron cyclotron resonance ion source, generally used for nanostructuring solid surfaces. The investigation focuses on developing, accelerating, and extracting Ar ions from a magnetron-coupled plasma cup utilizing a three-grid ion

• extraction-based ion sources. Plasma physics principles are employed to interpret the observed variations in the beam current with various parameters. The optimized beam current is used to investigate the inert ion-induced nanopatterning of silicon surfaces, at various ion fluences and incidence angles. The

• coupled method and then acquire enough energy to generate a plasma. Because of several drawbacks, such as Townsend discharge [16], these sources are not used nowadays. Compact broad-beam ion sources are widely used in scientific laboratories to generate ions. Depending upon the mechanism of production of

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• amounts of tissue that need to be targeted to achieve a therapeutic response, and the large degree of tissue-to-tissue variability [44][45][46][47]. Negatively charged ASOs including phosphorothioate backbone oligonucleotides (PS), gapmer ASOs, tcDNA, and LNAs can interact with plasma proteins, which

• reduces their rate of renal clearance and influences their distribution to target tissues [48]. In contrast, neutral ASOs such as PMOs and PNAs present lower binding affinity to plasma proteins; therefore, these molecules exhibit shorter circulation lifetimes and lower tissue uptake [49]. After making

• ) in a 1:1 molar ratio to enhance the delivery of 131I-ASO to VIP-receptor-positive tumour cells. The authors found that conjugating the radioiodinated ASO to the VIP-PLL significantly improved tumour uptake and reduced plasma clearance, resulting in a 5.6-fold decrease in plasma clearance and a 3.4

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• sources of lead exposure [4]. Through contaminated food or drink or through mouth-to-mouth contact, lead can enter the body. Standard techniques for determining lead content involve the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [5] and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) [6]. Although

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• increase in the radiation absorption efficiency inside transparent materials because of the implosion of the absorbed energy during propagation [39]. It is crucial to understand the early-stage mechanisms of PLAL to correlate them to NP size control. Plasma plume formation and expansion is a critical step

• that occurs after absorption of the laser radiation and localized heating of the target surface. The plume interacts with the surrounding liquid. This interaction defines the cooling rate of the species present in the plasma and significantly affects NP growth (i.e., plasma quenching forms small NPs

• ). The plasma temperature and pressure determine the cavitation bubble and NP formation [40][41]. The plasma plume that heats up the liquid causes liquid vaporization and subsequent bubble nucleation. The initial pressure of the bubble is very high (higher than 1 GPa) allowing it to expand until it

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• normalized to the geometric area of the cathode and the mass of gold, which we obtained from digesting the electrodes in aqua regia and collecting inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data. We note that only gold was quantified, as carbon has a Z number that is too low for ICP-MS detection [68

• . Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements were conducted at the University of Rochester Medical Center. A Perkin Elmer NexION 2000 system featuring multielement detection and parts per billion/parts per trillion sensitivity was used. The gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites were

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• of cells with compromised membrane and used for quantitative estimation of plasma membrane integrity using flow cytometry [31]. Briefly, A549 cells (1 × 105 cells/mL/well) were seeded onto 12-well culture plates and exposed to varying concentrations (1–100 μg/mL) of GO–Chl for 24 h. Cells were washed

• hydrophobicity, and C/O ratio) GO is internalized via clathrin or caveolae-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis [53]. The exposure to nanomaterials is known to affect plasma membrane integrity, which in turn initiates various metabolic processes, such as ineffective nutrient transport, unspecific molecular

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• blending of functional agents in the polymer solution, wet chemical methods, surface graft polymerization, and plasma treatment [160]. Low-temperature plasma offers advantages over other techniques in terms of lower energy consumption, faster processing, and minimal solvent use [161]. By appropriately

• selecting the plasma source and controlling discharge conditions such as voltage, pressure, and gas flow rate, various functional groups can be introduced on the fiber surface, enabling tailored modifications that enhance polymer biocompatibility. Punamshree et al. [162] performed surface modification of

• chitosan/PVA nanofibers using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and reported enhanced wettability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the fibers. The argon and oxygen plasma treatments led to significant cross-linking of the fibers, which improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• focused on a material, producing a plasma called laser-induced plasma (LIP). Qualitative and quantitative information about a sample is obtained by measuring the spectral delivery of the laser-induced plasma [19]. Figure 6 shows LIBS spectra for the samples BE, BEPh, and BEOx. It is observed that the

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• opsonization in the bloodstream, mediated by opsonins that recognize plasma proteins (serum albumin, apolipoproteins, complement components, and immunoglobulins) adsorbed onto the surface of circulating NPs. This forms the so-called “protein corona” (PC), a layer of more than 300 proteins that effectively

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• al. present the application of AFM-based infrared nanospectroscopy to coated polymer surfaces [11]. The authors prepare thin films of SiOx on polypropylene surfaces by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), which is commonly done to improve gas barrier properties of polypropylene. They

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• orientations, we obtained a uniform diffuse green scatterogram, confirming the mechanism producing the dull, unsaturated overall coloration found on the gold-dust weevil and several other weevils [19][21][28]. Subsequently, using plasma etching, we removed the scale cortex and made negative titania replicas of

• scales are composed of chitin and an undetermined short-wavelength absorbing pigment. To investigate whether the origin of the coloration is structural, we examined the external and internal structure of intact and plasma-etched elytral scales using scanning electron microscopy (Figure 2). Using a

• cortex is thinner (≈0.5 μm) and flat (Figure 2c). From the FIB-SEM cuts, we estimated the chitin fill fraction of the chitin network to be 0.44 ± 0.06. By adjusting the power and duration of the argon plasma etching, we were able to selectively etch the lower cortex of the scales (Figure 2d), revealing

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• ). Double UC did not result in a significant decrease of sample contamination. But it did result in a noticeable decrease in the number of bio-NPs, the surface of which, however, became a little cleaner. Loss of target components after double and triple UC of blood serum or plasma has been noted previously