Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• normalized to the geometric area of the cathode and the mass of gold, which we obtained from digesting the electrodes in aqua regia and collecting inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data. We note that only gold was quantified, as carbon has a Z number that is too low for ICP-MS detection [68

• . Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements were conducted at the University of Rochester Medical Center. A Perkin Elmer NexION 2000 system featuring multielement detection and parts per billion/parts per trillion sensitivity was used. The gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites were

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• of cells with compromised membrane and used for quantitative estimation of plasma membrane integrity using flow cytometry [31]. Briefly, A549 cells (1 × 105 cells/mL/well) were seeded onto 12-well culture plates and exposed to varying concentrations (1–100 μg/mL) of GO–Chl for 24 h. Cells were washed

• hydrophobicity, and C/O ratio) GO is internalized via clathrin or caveolae-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis [53]. The exposure to nanomaterials is known to affect plasma membrane integrity, which in turn initiates various metabolic processes, such as ineffective nutrient transport, unspecific molecular

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• blending of functional agents in the polymer solution, wet chemical methods, surface graft polymerization, and plasma treatment [160]. Low-temperature plasma offers advantages over other techniques in terms of lower energy consumption, faster processing, and minimal solvent use [161]. By appropriately

• selecting the plasma source and controlling discharge conditions such as voltage, pressure, and gas flow rate, various functional groups can be introduced on the fiber surface, enabling tailored modifications that enhance polymer biocompatibility. Punamshree et al. [162] performed surface modification of

• chitosan/PVA nanofibers using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and reported enhanced wettability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the fibers. The argon and oxygen plasma treatments led to significant cross-linking of the fibers, which improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• focused on a material, producing a plasma called laser-induced plasma (LIP). Qualitative and quantitative information about a sample is obtained by measuring the spectral delivery of the laser-induced plasma [19]. Figure 6 shows LIBS spectra for the samples BE, BEPh, and BEOx. It is observed that the

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• opsonization in the bloodstream, mediated by opsonins that recognize plasma proteins (serum albumin, apolipoproteins, complement components, and immunoglobulins) adsorbed onto the surface of circulating NPs. This forms the so-called “protein corona” (PC), a layer of more than 300 proteins that effectively

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• al. present the application of AFM-based infrared nanospectroscopy to coated polymer surfaces [11]. The authors prepare thin films of SiOx on polypropylene surfaces by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), which is commonly done to improve gas barrier properties of polypropylene. They

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• orientations, we obtained a uniform diffuse green scatterogram, confirming the mechanism producing the dull, unsaturated overall coloration found on the gold-dust weevil and several other weevils [19][21][28]. Subsequently, using plasma etching, we removed the scale cortex and made negative titania replicas of

• scales are composed of chitin and an undetermined short-wavelength absorbing pigment. To investigate whether the origin of the coloration is structural, we examined the external and internal structure of intact and plasma-etched elytral scales using scanning electron microscopy (Figure 2). Using a

• cortex is thinner (≈0.5 μm) and flat (Figure 2c). From the FIB-SEM cuts, we estimated the chitin fill fraction of the chitin network to be 0.44 ± 0.06. By adjusting the power and duration of the argon plasma etching, we were able to selectively etch the lower cortex of the scales (Figure 2d), revealing

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• ). Double UC did not result in a significant decrease of sample contamination. But it did result in a noticeable decrease in the number of bio-NPs, the surface of which, however, became a little cleaner. Loss of target components after double and triple UC of blood serum or plasma has been noted previously

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• liquid medium. The target material absorbs the pulse energy via the electrons. It transfers it to the lattice, which expulses the surface material as a plasma plume confined because of the pressure created by the surrounding liquid [16][20][23][24]. A cavitation bubble is formed as the energy is

• transferred to the surrounding liquid from the decaying plasma because of the existing temperature differences between the liquid and the plasma plume, leading to the emergence of a vapour layer with a volume equivalent to the plasma plume [16][20][23][24]. The cavitation bubble collapses because of cyclic

• of the surrounding H2O molecules due to the laser energy [23][24][40]. This leads to the reaction of oxygen with Hf4+ ions in the plasma plume formed during the ablation [16][20][23][24][41], leading to the formation of hafnium oxide vapour as the plasma decays. As the pressure of the surrounding

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• -dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems is a tool that allows us to understand the key steps regarding the reproducibility and uniformity of the films [19][20]. From a computational point of view, prior works focused on the growth mechanism of SiOx in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

• form atomic hydrogen, which reacts with the eleven solid quartz sources. A cloud or plasma is formed and finally reaches the substrate for the formation of the thin films. Finally, zone three is the exit of the gases that were not deposited in the film. The entire process is carried out under

• interaction with the walls. In a study of the deposition of silicon dioxide using an atmospheric-pressure plasma-enhanced CVD reactor, the reactor performance was shown to be strongly affected by the flow dynamics [33][34]. Distribution and concentration of species As previously mentioned, temperature and

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• were Fe3O4 NPs with rutin, there is no increase observed in either ALP (11.06 ± 0.01 U/L) or GGT (13.33 ± 0.14 U/L). Assessment of the effect on lipid metabolism In the plasma of male Wistar rats in the control group, the normal level of total cholesterol reaches 2.87 ± 0.16 mM/L, HDL cholesterol is

• the activities of the formed complexes. In all groups, except IV and VI, there is an increase in ALP activity (Figure 3). This enzyme exists in the body in the form of five different isoforms with different localizations (liver, bile ducts, kidneys, bones, and placenta). Normally, plasma activity

• the increase in plasma ALP activity is due to the bone isoform of this enzyme [56][57]. However, in group IV, where only Fe3O4 NPs with rutin were administered, no increase in either ALP or GGT was observed. Furthermore, according to literature data, the action of Fe3O4 NPs is dose-dependent, and

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• heavy metal ion monitoring in environmental samples involve complex analytical instrumental techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography [8][9]. Environmental remediation of P-NP requires processes such as

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• rapidly metabolized by liver enzymes and cleared from the body through renal or biliary excretion, resulting in short plasma half-lives and requiring frequent dosing to maintain effective therapeutic levels. This rapid clearance reduces the duration of action, making it challenging to achieve sustained

• effectiveness [34][35]. In addition, conventional delivery systems often cannot provide controlled or sustained release of phytochemicals, leading to fluctuating plasma levels. These fluctuations can result in suboptimal therapeutic effects and increased side effects. Lack of controlled release is particularly

• circulation and is rapidly eliminated from the body. Therefore, RVT exhibits a very short plasma half-life and very low oral bioavailability These factors significantly reduce its therapeutic efficacy [106][107]. In a study, Kumar et al. fabricated RVT-encapsulated core–shell-type PLHNPs (RVT-PLHNPs) for

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• through van der Waals forces, and capillary forces if there is a rough surface, forces which give way to conditions that are energetically favorable to the retention of the infused liquid as opposed to a foreign one. The preparation of SLIPS substrates include plasma treatments [4][12], acid/base soaks [1

• ][13], anodization [3][14], silane chemistry [18], and polymer multilayers [5][15]. While these methods are effective, there is often a requirement for a specific chemical environment, like a plasma processing step or the growth of an oxide layer. In this investigation, we aim to simplify the

• plasma clotting kinetics on SLIPS surfaces have not been studied previously. Therefore, to assess the hemocompatibity of our newly created PDA-based SLIPS coating, we tested the resistance of the coating to FXII activation, clot formation, clot stability, and platelet adhesion. FXII activation gives

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• (Si3N4) layer was deposited via CVD. The 40 nm thick platinum paths were then patterned by lift-off photolithography. The opMEMS bridge body was defined photolithographically with a feature size of 2 µm, etched by dry oxygen plasma etching (DRIE) and then released by KOH anisotropic wet silicon etching

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• ) substrate using RF magnetron sputtering. This was followed by the formation of a 5 nm thick layer of MgO. The Fe3O4 layers were applied using RF magnetron sputtering at a base pressure of 10−8 Torr, employing a flow of 33 sccm of Ar gas to maintain a stable plasma. The initially deposited films were

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• (targeting agent) to provide selective interaction with tumor cell lines in biological media. The stability of these dually functionalized SiO2NPs is preserved in unprocessed human plasma while yielding a decrease in the number of adsorbed proteins. Experiments in murine blood further proved that these

• improved colloidal stability [25][26]. Remarkably, functionalized NPs were stable in a complex medium (cell culture medium and human plasma) and showed greater potential for recognition by tumor cells. Material and Methods Materials Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane

• 1.0 mg·mL–1) and later used for the quantification of captured SiO2NPs-ZW-FO. The calculations were performed using the value obtained at the maximum of the emission band. Stability of SiO2NPs in cell culture medium and human plasma Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were performed to

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• surface coating with bulkier molecules, such as long-chain PEG or various polymers. The strategic coating of usNPs with small molecules therefore preserves the overall ultrasmall size of the particles even within complex biofluids, such as human plasma. AuNCs coated with GSH exemplify this concept

• avidity effects. On the other hand, too many ligands could alter the original surface characteristics of usNPs, leading to stronger nonspecific interactions with plasma proteins. Targeted usNPs with weak binding to cancer cell surface receptors may not provide any additional value over non-targeted

• therapeutic target for MM [161]. Based on this, the Gd construct was utilized for the detection of malignant plasma cells in MM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Competitive cell-binding assays confirmed the maintenance of antibody specificity after conjugation to usNPs. The resulting targeted usNPs

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• for any type of instrument and ion species, which includes gallium FIBs, plasma FIBs, helium ion microscopy FIBs, as well as low-temperature ion source and magneto-optical trap ion source FIBs. Results and Discussion SRIM simulations SRIM simulations were carried out to evaluate the interactions of 5

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• our case we observed a release reaching a plateau after 12 h (Figure 4B). Also, it was found that in cancer cells in mice, ammonium/ammonia levels in tumor lesions are in the millimolar range, higher than in the blood plasma. Using tumor cells in culture, the authors showed that Doxil in the presence

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• activated HSCs in liver fibrosis resulted in a loss of the fenestrae, hindering plasma to reach the perisinusoidal space [43]. As the disease progresses, the reduced blood flow and the blockage of portal flow through the liver could diminish the efficiency of drug delivery. Nanoencapsulation as passive

• plant-derived compounds, curcumin is an ideal representative of phytocompounds with antifibrosis activity. Despite a large volume of published reports on curcumin, curcumin’s major constraints in clinical trials include short biological half-life in plasma and low bioavailability. To solve these

• the elevation of plasma enzyme activity of aspartate transaminase (ALT) and alanine transaminase (AST), the orally administered curcumin loaded PLA-PEG NPs successfully improved the in vivo structure of the liver and reduced microvesicular steatosis, congestion of erythrocytes, and the infiltration of

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• in plasma, which makes them incapable of continuous release [20]. In addition, to achieve optimal efficacy and safety, the drug must be administered at a precisely controlled rate and a special target site [21]. To solve these issues in DDSs, biopolymers can be a perfect solution. Because they have

• organs [46]. Another drawback is that current drug delivery technologies yield only limited bioavailability and change drug levels in plasma, making them incapable of long-term release. Without proper dispensing techniques, the entire treatment process may fail. In addition, the drug must be delivered at

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• size and composition, making it a preferred choice for nanomaterials synthesis [2][3][4][5]. The process involves laser plasma interacting with a metal in a liquid; it excites electrons, which then generates atomic vibrations within a few picoseconds, causing rapid heating, melting, and explosive

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• , and they are classified according to the power sources used for the process (i.e., plasma-, direct current-, radiofrequency-, and ion beam-assisted coatings) [85]. All PVD processes are based on a vacuum chamber containing the material to be deposited, known as target, and the chosen substrate onto

• due to mere surface interactions, as summarized in Figure 3. The interaction between implants and the immune system is highly tissue-specific, with different responses observed depending on the implantation sites. Usually, the insertion of an implant is followed by the adsorption of plasma components

• % compared with the untreated surface. The authors suggested that the improved performance was due to the changes adsorption rate of protein and plasma compounds. Mallik et al. [154] used electrophoretically deposited graphene for coating titanium, achieving a strong reduction in corrosion with a coating