Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• cytotoxicity, with around 50% cell survival at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. Polyplexes containing the most hydrophilic Pluronic (P38) exhibited the highest ASO loading efficiency but suffered from limited cell uptake because of their high polarity. In contrast, P123–PEI micelles showed superior

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• polarity, which can cause difficulties in collecting the fibers. Nozzles that are placed on opposite sides as shown in Figure 6a can overcome this problem, but it requires a larger working area, and the use of rotating collectors is usually necessary. Other approaches include using oppositely charged

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• decreasing polarity were chosen for this study. For each metal, LAL was performed at elevated temperatures (85 °C) where the PC/A mixture forms a single phase. Upon cooling, the phases separated and the amount of colloidal nanoparticles in the alcohol and propylene carbonate phase was analyzed for each metal

• system. The abundance of nanoparticles in PC or alcohol was found to correlate with the electrochemical reduction potential of the respective metal, where the noble metals were enriched within the more polar solvents. The polarity of the solvents (as function of the carbon chain length of the alcohol

• , polarity of the solvent, or even physical attributes (e.g., boiling point), phase transfer methods are essential. To close this knowledge gap, we have performed ablation of six different metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, and Ti) ranging from high to low standard electrochemical reduction potentials in a

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• therapeutic effects [30][31]. Poor permeability and penetration are additional obstacles. Phytochemicals may have difficulties crossing biological membranes, such as the intestinal epithelium or the blood–brain barrier, because of their molecular size, polarity, or lipophilicity. Poor permeability limits the

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• . KPFM imaging was performed in parallel to topographic imaging using an AC excitation voltage of VAC = 600–900 mV with fAC = 166–730 Hz measured by a lock-in amplifier. AC and DC biases were applied to the sample. In general, the polarity of the KPFM measurements depends on whether the voltage is

• applied to the tip or to the surface and on the polarity of the voltage applied. In order to ensure that the values and the polarity are compatible with previous results [20][27], the measured results were cross-checked on well-known surfaces, that is, Si(111) and Pb on Si(111). For the average taken over

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• bacteria according to the mechanism shown in Figure 4. The biofilm formation consists of four stages, namely, (i) adhesion, (ii) aggregation, (iii) maturation, and (iv) dispersion. Adhesion is the first step and is ruled by the polarity of the surface as reported by Gittens and co-workers [105]. The

• [110][111]. Romo-Rico et al. [112] used PVD to coat a medical-grade cobalt–chromium alloy with high-grade graphene. The authors reported an appreciable antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa; also, adhesion was prevented. This study proved that the balance between surface polarity

• hydrophobicity and nanostructuring [128][129]. Kang et al. [130] suggested that the main mechanism of action is cell disruption due to the mechanical effect of CNTs themselves via surface polarity changes. Rodrigues et al. [131] dwelled more deeply into CNT coatings and found a correlation between the exopolymer

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• doped junctionless tunnel FET (ED JL TFET)-based biosensors. This structure employs a single type of doping concentration, an appropriate work function, and a polarity-gate bias. Additionally, an N+ heavily doped silicon layer has been implemented with two separated gates to develop P+ and intrinsic

• source regions under the control-gate and the polarity-gate electrode, each with suitable work functions and polarity bias over the silicon region. A nanogap cavity has been embedded within the control-gate dielectric and implemented by etching the control-gate dielectric region towards the polarity-gate

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• thermal stability, high polarity, low vapor pressure, and low toxicity, which makes DESs promising candidates for the replacement of thousands of industrial solvents [24][25]. DESs are so versatile that they have been used for nanomaterials synthesis [26][27]. Regarding plasmonic materials, gold

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• form a sufficiently strong bond with the tip apex atom. In addition, a voltage polarity effect was not observed, which renders the involvement of current-induced forces unlikely [64]. Another difference to the previous report concerns the actual behavior of I↓ and I↑. Within the hysteresis loop, the

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• in Py nanodisks [1][2] with independent polarity and helicity [3]. Since then, many studies have been done on manipulating magnetic vortices inside Py nanodisks using micromagnetic simulations [4][5][6] and a variety of magnetic measurement techniques including magnetic force microscopy [7

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• ). This probably results from a change in polarity in the close environment of the bound fluorophore. In addition, the absorption intensity of FITC-BSA/PDA and RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs above 600 nm is a typical feature of melanin materials. The high background (decreasing from 400 to 800 nm and similar to the

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• nanoscale phase segregated donor-acceptor networks. However, it is not possible to perform a phase identification on the sole basis of the harmonic amplitude signal (Figure 3b). Taken alone, that channel gives indeed no information about the polarity of the SPV signal. In principle, one could use the phase

• . Their values are indeed distributed in a relatively narrow band, as shown by the histogram in Figure 3d. This indicates that regardless of the area of the sample being scanned, the SPV – or more specifically, its first harmonic component – keeps a constant polarity (otherwise, 180 phase reversals should

• calculated SPV magnitude image (Figure 4c) displays contrasts, which definitely confirm our former assumptions. It displays indeed local minima that are correlated with the topographic protrusions. At the same time, the full set of phase data confirms that the SPV polarity remains constant over the entire

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• approaches, and finally by establishing biomimetics as its own field of science. In this thematic issue, we have gathered 15 publications from several fields of interest, showing the huge diversity of biomimetic approaches. Surapaneni et al. [5] present in the paper “Polarity in cuticular ridge development

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

•  1 where the Au1 and Au2 electrode potentials relative to the Li reference electrode during KPFM measurements, monitored by a voltmeter, are summarized). In contrast, when the polarity of the DC voltage was changed from 0 V to −0.5 V in the backward sweep, the change in the Au1 electrode potential

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• rinsed with 0.1 M HCl for 5 min, water (DNAse/RNAse free) for 1 min, then borate buffer for 5 min under 50 psi pressure before injection of the incubation mixture at 0.5 psi for 5 s. The mixture was separated under 26 kV (reverse polarity) in borate buffer at 25 °C and monitored through UV absorbance

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• disappeared in the spectrum of Δf (Figure 2b). Here, we cannot determine the polarity of the SPV because the phase for the lock-in amplifier was adjusted to maximize the absolute value of the demodulated output. We note that the response time of SPV on the rutile TiO2(110) surface is intrinsically

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• cultured on stiff substrates (35 kPa) undergone several interesting phenomena compared to those on soft substrates (3 kPa). Here, the stimulation generated by the stiff substrates triggered the F-actin skeleton to bundle its filaments, increasing the polarity index of the external contour of PCa cells

• expansion. In contrast, the cells on soft substrates were rounded and had a lower degree of cell expansion (Figure 3a). By measuring the cell surface area, perimeter, and polarity index, it was found that an increase in substrates stiffness was positively correlated with cell expansion. There was a

• significant difference between the surface area and perimeter of HPV-PZ-7 and PC-3 cells on stiff and soft substrates (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3a,b). The polarity index showed that PC-3 cells had a higher polarity on stiff substrates, while HPV-PZ-7 cells were not sensitive to substrate

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• example, to modify the surface of nanofiber polymers, plasma treatment has been used to provide them with hydroxy, carboxyl, or amine polar groups to improve physical properties such as wettability, polarity, and bioadhesion [102]. As a result, surface-modified nanofibers will more likely absorb bioactive

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• . Depending on the direction of the applied current, the structure was either in a high-resistance state (HRS) or in a low-resistance state (LRS) at the same absolute value of the current. When the direction of the current was changed to the opposite polarity, the structure still “remembered” its high

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• contact angle, which is reported to be favorable for biomedical applications. Likewise, Gatoo et al. proposed that amorphous titania materials are hydrophilic due to the presence of a higher concentration of hydroxy groups upon their surface and the high polarity of the O–Ti–O bond [23]. The surface

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• chlorobenzene [41]. Therefore, the main factor can be considered the affinity of solvents to PDMS, namely the polarity and rate of diffusion of the solvent through the matrix. In addition, the polydimethylsiloxane matrix protects the polystyrene CCA from the effects of high concentrations of hydrocarbons, thus

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• series of laser exposures, the electromagnet was used to saturate the sample. Magnetic domain walls have been created by subsequently applying magnetic fields of reversed polarity. All images presented here were recorded with positive helicity of circularly polarized X-rays. In those images, light (dark

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• surfaces. The changes in the micro- and macroscale morphology of the leaves should improve our understanding of the way that plants defend themselves against insect herbivores. Keywords: cuticular ridges; insect adhesion; leaf surfaces; ontogeny; polarity; surface replication; Introduction The plant

• four characteristic growth patterns: (1) basipetal, (2) acropetal, (3) diffused, and (4) bidirectional [15]. Such polarity in leaf growth is a result of direction-dependent cell differentiation, maturation, and proliferation processes along or perpendicular to the direction of the midrib [15][16][17

• ][18][19][20][21]. One aspect that would be interesting to know is whether cuticular structures such as ridges also display such polarity during growth in the proximodistal or mediolateral axes. This is the focus of the present study. Such knowledge will help in understanding the mechanical basis of

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• this conclusion was drawn based on an ideal Lennard–Jones fluid. Its applicability on other Newtonian fluids with properties such as polarity and even on non-Newtonian fluids should be further validated. 2.2 Surface charge effects Investigating electrokinetics phenomena, including electro-osmosis