Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• assessed with a similar approach in a newly designed synthetic mucus hydrogel barrier system. The authors used differently sized polystyrene nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) modifications. PEGylated nanoparticles exhibited better penetration than non-PEGylated formulations, regardless of the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , temozolomide (TMZ), a drug used for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), was incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a MWCNTs–graphene (MWCNTs-G) hybrid compound, covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and folic acid (FA), with an

• group was the first one that incorporated TMZ in multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), and their hybrid with graphene (MWCNT-G), non-covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and pointed to their suitability for targeted and controlled brain delivery, based on their physicochemical and

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• membrane constructs [58]. Regarding materials for coating nanoparticles, a variety of hydrophilic polymers are available [30]. The most prevalent technique involves the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). It provides biological protection against proteolysis and improved biocompatibility, metabolism, and

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CHS), provides structural integrity, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [14][15]. This hybrid structure improves the encapsulation efficiency of phytochemicals/drugs

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• stabilized with tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) were proposed against Alzheimer’s disease. TPGS, a water-soluble precursor of vitamin E, was used in the formulation to reduce the amyloid-beta-induced oxidative stress [114]. In vivo tests on Wistar rats highlighted that the mucoadhesive

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• strategies to produce colloidally stable NP dispersions with retained targeting capacity have been widely investigated [17][18][19][20][21]. While a panel of molecules (e.g., polyethylene glycol, zwitterionics, glycans, aptamers) can improve the stability of NPs in biological media by preventing the

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• through surface coating of the inorganic core with small molecules, such as glutathione (GSH), glucose, low molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), and various short peptides, among others [60][61][62][63]. This characteristic stands in sharp contrast to conventional large NPs, which often necessitate

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• decoration with polyethylene glycol (PEG) may minimalize the uptake of nanocarriers by Kupffer cells, and such PEGylated nanocarriers are likely taken up by hepatocytes [36][37][38][39]. Besides augmenting hydrophilicity through PEGylation, stealth properties could be endowed to the nanocarriers through a

• the antifibrosis compound myricetin in pro-liposome nanocarriers to improve its solubility, stability, and low oral bioavailability [57]. As illustrated in Figure 3, the surface modification of pro-liposome with ᴅ-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E-TPGS) enhanced the stability

• complexation and cholesterol–polyethylene glycol–vitamin A as a helper lipoid. In the in vitro evaluation, the nanocarrier showed enhanced cellular uptake in HSCs-T6 cells, nine times higher than that in macrophages, displaying specific targeting to HSCs that could avoid phagocytosis by macrophages. These

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• folate (FA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the alginic acid backbone. These compounds can be utilized in the encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) by coating with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), as shown in Figure 3A. When DOX-loaded UCNP-Al-NH-PEG-NH-FA was used, an effective encapsulation

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• bigger for in vivo studies where the experiments are often performed over longer periods. Discussions about how the size and charge of NPs contribute to biodistribution and pharmacokinetics have been ongoing for many years. Such discussions often focus on the properties of attached polyethylene glycol

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• and coassembled with a CUR layer on their surface. Then, CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were obtained by further modification with MnO2 and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which increased the stability and dispersion of the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs (Figure 1). MnO2 is difficult to degrade under physiological conditions in vivo

• permanganate (KMnO4), acetonitrile, ethylene glycol (EG), triethylamine (TEA), curcumin (CUR), bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide (HPS), hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 2-(N-morpholino) taurine (MES) were obtained from Shanghai Rhawn Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• = guanidinonaltrindole, 12 = semagacestat, 13 = huprine X, 14= carproctamide, 15= tacrine, 16 = tramiprosate, 17 = preladenant, 18 = piracetam, 19 = istradefylline, and 20 = rivastigmine. These systems include the following coating agents: PEG = polyethylene glycol, PVP = polyvinylpyrrolidone, PPF = propylammonium

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• capability to degrade reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are rare. In response, Miao et al. synthesized polyethylene glycol-coated ultrasmall rhodium nanodots (Rh-PEG NDs) for scavenging both ROS and RNS in order to decrease inflammation [106]. Rh-PEG NDs exhibited O2•–, HO•, NO•, ONOO–, and H2O2 scavenging

• of metal-based nanoantioxidants and the reduction of detrimental effects of these nanomaterials on human health. Surface modification can become an effective method to decrease the toxicity of nanomaterials through coating with biocompatible polymers such as chitosan, polydopamine, and polyethylene

• glycol. From this perspective, bio-inspired nanoantioxidants could be a potential solution for safety issues. Furthermore, metal-based nanoantioxidants are still in the early stage of clinical practice and face the issue of less accurate accumulation at a specific site. In the next stage, a deep and wide

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• , and resulted in 100% survival of an acute murine model [70]. Either orally or intravenously administered to acute and chronic murine models, poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactide)-block-polyethylene glycol nanocapsules loaded with lychnopholide (LYC-PLA-PEG NCs), a lipophilic sesquiterpene lactone isolated from

• Loncastuximab tesirine, launched in 2021 to treat B-cell lymphoma [84]. Nearly 10% are polymer–drug/protein conjugates such as polyethylene glycol-ʟ-asparaginase (Calaspargase pegol, Asparlas), launched in 2019 in the USA to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia [85]. Another 10% are protein-based nanoparticles

• , polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids, and ionizable synthetic lipids (ALC-0315 from BioNTech-Pfizer and SM-102 from Moderna Therapeutics) for enhanced delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the spike protein of the SARS-COV-2 virus to antigen-presenting cells [82]. These vaccines were approved by the FDA

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ratios as a result of dopamine polymerisation and covalent bonding of thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG). The VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles have a saturation magnetisation value of 60.40 emu/g in vibrating sample magnetometry, which proves their magnetisation. Vinorelbine, which is used as an effective

• ), and thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG, purity: ≥95%), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 28–30%), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Merck. The chemical vinorelbine tartrate CRS (European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, catalog no: Y0000463) was also acquired from Merck. Synthesis of

• -polyethylene glycol was added to the prepared mixture to homogenize the solution. Subsequently, 0.2 mL of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 28–30%,) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 min [37]. SH-PEG-modified PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were separated from the solution using a magnet, and unreacted

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• ]. Furthermore, different kinds of polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, alginates, and polyethylene glycol) have been used for the synthesis of nanoinsecticides [15]. While other forms of polymer and non-polymer nanoformulations, such as nanofibers, nanocapsules, nanogels, nanomicelles, and nanospheres, have been

• %, CAS number: 10102-17-7), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, 37%, CAS number: 7647-01-0), triethanolamine ((HOCH2CH2)3N, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%, CAS number: 102-71-6), ethanol (CH3CH2OH, CAS number: 64-17-5), and polyethylene glycol (PEG, H(OCH2CH2)nOH, Wt: 6000, CAS number: 25322-68-3), were acquired

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• siRNA from the endosome. In another example, a supramolecular nanoparticle was prepared from a linear CyD-based polymer, hydrophilic polyethylene glycol bearing an adamantane at the end, and siRNA [64]. By attaching a human transferrin protein, this composite was steered to target cancer cells to

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• facilitate chirality separation. Conventional surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium deoxycholate (DOC), as well as polyethylene glycol-based compositions, are used to obtain high-quality dispersions of individual SWCNTs [3][4][5][10]. Although given surfactants show exemplary

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• , polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, and polyethylene glycol were used in composite preparation for bone tissue engineering applications [10]. To create a fibrous scaffold for bone tissue regeneration, zein and chitosan were combined with polyurethane and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The developed scaffolds have

• polyethylene glycol is extremely stable and might be used in bone tissue engineering applications. The drug distribution ability of the scaffolds was investigated using ciprofloxacin, which is a general antibiotic drug. According to the findings, approx. 98% of the medicines had a sustained released within 90

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• over conventional TE approaches. For HA, this could be obtained via the conjugation of the HA binding domain to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel, which would provide HA affinity for the PEG hydrogel and consequently improve cartilage tissue production [179]. Given the generally conserved nature of

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• )ethyl]polyethylene glycol (NHS-PEG-NHS) with a molecular weight of 2000 Da were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. O,O′-bis[2-(N-succinimidyl-succinylamino)ethyl]polyethylene glycol (NHS-PEG-NHS) with a molecular weight of 400 Da was purchased from Nanocs Inc., USA. EHD jetting EHD jetting followed the

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• and a reduced toxicity to normal cells of free drug molecules. Surface modification of the nanomaterials with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is reported to be advantageous for multiple reasons, such as inhibition of recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system, elimination of in vitro toxicity, and

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• where platinum/copper (Pt/Cu) NPs were obtained by using an alloy target for the sputtering onto polyethylene glycol (PEG), it was reported that increasing the current from 10 to 50 mA leads to the formation of bigger NPs, from 1.3 to 4.5 nm, respectively [127

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• with ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol as solvent [29][30]. The authors reasoned the cleavage at the particle tips by weak van der Waals forces between (Sb4S6)n chains, of which the particles consisted, or by strongly bound ligands interfering with the crystal growth, respectively. However, as