N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• . Optical studies using spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal a significant increase in absorbance and reflectance in as-deposited and N2+-implanted films. Electrical investigations show that the conductivity increases with film thickness in both as-deposited and implanted films. The conductivity decreases for

• ] investigated the effects of argon ion bombardment on the characteristics of Mo thin films. Films with reduced porosity and larger grains demonstrated increased reflectance and decreased resistivity, consistent with electron mean free path analysis results. Navin et al. [15] investigated self-organized pattern

• because of defects that facilitate the growth of smaller nanoparticles or cause aggregation, consequently altering the plasmonic characteristics of the material. Reflectance spectra Figure 8 shows the reflectance spectra as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films as functions of the thickness. The dip

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used. Freeze-dried nanoparticles were directly placed on an ATR crystal, and the infrared spectrum of the samples was obtained in the range of 4000–400 cm−1 using a FTIR spectrophotometer (Bruker/Vertex70, USA). Particle size and zeta

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• very rare. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a detailed study in this regard and to find out the optimum parameters for film deposition for applications in optoelectronic devices. Recently we reported the impact of substrate temperature on the structure, morphology, and reflectance behaviour of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• after exposure to irradiation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used. The stability of TMZ under these conditions was determined unsing attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Most of the procedures and techniques were used in our previous study [43

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• SHIMADZU) with a 1 cm path length glass cuvette at λmax (maximum absorbance) in nanometers. Samples collected after the adsorption process had the electronic spectra analyzed using an Ocean Optics USB-2000 instrument for solid samples with a tungsten lamp in the range of 200–800 nm in diffuse reflectance

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• diffuse reflectance spectra. In this method, it is assumed that the energy-dependent absorption coefficient α can be written as where h is the Planck constant, hν is the photon energy, and B is a constant. The factor n depends on the nature of the electron transition, that is, n = 1/2 for direct and n = 2

• for indirect transition bandgaps. The Kubelka–Munk method allows one to transform the reflectance spectra into the corresponding adsorption spectra using the function where R is the reflectance of a thick uniform sample, and K and S are the adsorption and scattering coefficients, respectively. When F

• (R∞) ∼ α, by combing Equation 4 and Equation 5, one obtains Figure 7a shows the diffuse reflectance spectra of the prepared TiO2/2D mordenite nanocomposite. All samples exhibit absorption edges near 400 nm due to the anatase TiO2 bandgap absorption. Figure 7b shows the reflectance spectra of the

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• °–80° (2θ), with a step size of 0.02° and a dwell time of 1 s per step. Reflectance was studied using UV–vis spectroscopy performed on a Shimadzu UV-2600 double-beam spectrophotometer. Nanoparticles were dispersed in deionized water at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and the spectra were recorded in the

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• rather uniformly colored (Figure 1b). Reflectance spectra measured with a modified reflected light microscope (see Methods section) feature peaks between 450 and 600 nm (Figure 1c), regardless of which scale side is facing upwards. The reflectance amplitudes are markedly higher than that of a diffuse

• single-diamond unit cell size of 427 ± 4 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The transition between differently oriented domains is continuous (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5). Spatial distribution of reflectance Previous work on single diamond network photonic crystals has shown

• are presented in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6. Reciprocal space imaging also allows one to map the bandgap diagram. For this, we measured reflectance spectra in the reciprocal space using full-aperture illumination from a domain that was almost perfectly {100}-oriented (Figure 3d). The

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• . All NPs exhibited novel optical reflectance properties. Reflectance measurements revealed that the fabricated NPs had a very high and broad optical absorption throughout the UV–vis–NIR range. The NPs synthesised in toluene exhibited the best absorption. The successful fabrication of Hf NSs with the

• . The high fraction of C indicates the formation of the graphitic shell around HfC NPs in both toluene and anisole. Figure 8 shows the reflectance data of a pristine Si substrate compared to a Si substrate coated with HfNPs-D, HfNPs-T, and HfNPs-A under three different angles of incidence (30°, 45°, and

• 60°) taken in the wavelength range from 250 to 1200 nm. The black curve corresponds to the reflectance spectrum of the reference pristine Si sample; the red curve is HfNPs-T, the blue curve is HfNPs-A, and the green curve is HfNPs-D. The values of the reflectance and reduction in the UV (λ = 250 nm

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• specialized cuticle, characterized by microstructures that effectively minimize reflectance and enhance light absorption. Optical spectrometry confirmed the ultrablack nature of the cuticle, with the measured reflectance approaching minimal levels across a broad spectrum of wavelengths. Therefore, our study

• setup prolongs the light’s exposure to the melanized integument, thereby augmenting light absorption by the pigment [10]. Consequently, ultrablack colors exhibit an extraordinarily low reflectance across ultraviolet and visible (UV–vis) spectrum wavelengths, often falling below 0.5% of the incident

• assisted absorption to reduce specular reflectance. This demonstrates how organisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to modulate the interaction between light and biological surfaces, resulting in highly absorptive and minimally reflective colors. These adaptations play a role in animal survival and

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• wavelength can be tuned by changing the electric field without altering the reflectance values [32]. Shuai et al. introduce a bulk acoustic resonator (BAW) comprised of a sandwich-like structure with an LN film positioned between two aluminum electrodes. In this setup, acoustic waves are generated and

• regime (around 1550 nm) by optimizing parameters such as the number of bilayers and thickness. Here, we achieved highly reflective lithium-niobate-based photonic crystals with a reflectance of 99.9% and a photonic band around 1550 nm. Additionally, by exploiting the electro-optic properties of LN, the

• photonic band could be tuned for specific for real applications. Methodology The reflectance of the multilayer stack was evaluated by simulating it in COMSOL Multiphysics. Lithium niobate (n = 2.21) is placed in odd layers while TiO2 (n = 2.6) is in even layers. Figure 1 shows alternating PhC layers of LN

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• –Halenda) model. Diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectra were recorded with a Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere. The analysis range was 200–1000 nm. Based on the Kubelka–Munk function, the collected reflectance data were transformed into absorption spectra. Eg was

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• properties of as-synthesized samples were analyzed using an X-ray diffraction system (XRD, Rigaku, SmartLab) with a 2θ range of 20–80° and a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Hitachi, S-4700). The absorption properties of the thin films were analyzed using a diffuse reflectance UV–vis

• images of the TiO2/SiNWs device with a higher-magnification view of the red rectangles on the right-hand side. A thin layer of TiO2 (estimated at 25 nm) was deposited on the SiNWs by using ALD with 500 deposition cycles. The UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (a) and I–V curve under light/dark

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• ][8][9][10]. This performance is based on the high absorption of VACNTs coupled with their low reflectance over this broad spectrum. Vertical alignment and distribution of the CNTs are critical to achieving such efficient absorption, making VACNTs effective blackbody analogs for broad-spectrum

• VACNTs (water-assisted CVD on silicon substrates with ethylene as the carbon source) has been investigated by [3]. They showed that vertically aligned SWCNTs can absorb light almost perfectly with a reflectance of 0.01–0.02 over a very wide spectral range (0.2–200 μm). The UV-to-mid-IR absorption

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• -100Fe@Fe2O3 materials was collected using a field-emission scanning electron microscope Leo-Supra 55 (Carl Zeiss STM, Germany). An attenuated total reflectance (ATR) setup was adopted to record the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of all samples on a Frontier spectrometer (PerkinElmer, USA) in

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• reflectance UV–vis spectra). Alternative formulations for valence and conduction band energies, based only on pre-known physicochemical constants and values from reference handbooks, have been reported as well [79][80]. Furthermore, the electric characteristics of the nanoparticle surface can be reported by

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Cobalt ferrite crystals of around 8–10 nm and

• ) iron mapping, and (f) cobalt mapping. (a) PL spectra, (b) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra with Tauc’s plots in the inset, (c) magnetization curves, and (d) nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of CF/GQDs prepared at different temperatures. (a) MB decolourisation over different catalysts (V = 100

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• consistently manufacturing PAAO with the targeted thickness. An electrochemical cell with an optical window was designed for reflectance spectroscopy of PAAO during anodization. Real-time fitting of spectra to a transfer-matrix model enabled continuous monitoring of the thickness growth of the PAAO layer

• heating, electrolyte flow [19], arrangement of the electrodes, and crystallographic orientation of the aluminum substrate [20]. In this work, we continuously recorded the reflectance spectra from a PAAO-coated aluminum surface during anodization. In a similar reflective interference spectroscopy (RIfS

• ) setup, the PAAO structure was analyzed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method [21]. However, the optimal PAAO thickness for FFT analysis was ≈2.5–5.0 μm, where multiple interference fringes can be observed in the reflectance spectra. Here, the PAAO thickness was calculated in real time by fitting

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• present material functional groups, FTIR spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode was used (Bruker Vertex70 FT-IR Spectrometer). The FTIR analysis was carried out in a wavenumber range of 400–4000 cm−1 and with a resolution of 2 cm−1 and eight scans were made for each sample. Transmittance

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• and Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). Table S1 summarizes the values of dBS and parameter a for all samples. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) provides valuable information about the nature of the layered hydroxide structure and the intercalated

• total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra were collected on a Bruker alpha II FTIR spectrometer in the 4000–400 cm−1 range. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were recorded on a Thermo Scientific™ K-alpha X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. Al Kα

• , P2, S1, and S2, respectively. UV–vis absorption spectra of the solid samples were recorded in reflectance mode employing a Jasco V-670 spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra instrument in the 30–900 °C temperature range. Magnetic data were

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• paper “The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae)” analysed the reflectance spectra of the white scales as well as the micro- and nanostructure of the black and white scales on the tarsi of A. albopictus. The results show that the white

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• cm−3 to 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. The first part of the structure was used to measure the growth rate of the non-intentionally doped InP layers (InP:nid) at surface temperatures of 600 and 640 °C. The reflectance signal, monitored with an in situ Laytec EpiCurve TT tool, did not show any difference between

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• lamp at λexc = 260 nm. All samples have been irradiated at room temperature and under the same conditions. Diffuse reflectance UV–vis measurements were performed by using a spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 with an integrating sphere in the 200–1100 nm range. The measured reflectance data were

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• room temperature in the 250–800 nm spectral range with an increment of 1 nm. The transmittance (%T) and the reflectance (%R) of the GaN/Ag substrates were measured. The absorptance (%A), defined as the fraction of incoming radiant flux absorbed by an object, was calculated via %A = 100% − %T − %R. SERS

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Reflectance spectra of the white areas are measured. No clear difference is present in the morphology of micro- and nanostructures of black and white scales in SEM and TEM, but black scales contain a

• . The ultrastructure of the white and black scales on the hindlegs of Ae. albopictus is analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, reflectance spectra of the white areas are measured. The scales are present also on other body

• using a TEM Philips EM 208 (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Reflectance spectra measurements The light scattering spectra from the white areas on the proximal parts of the hind leg tarsus of Ae. albopictus male were measured at different orientations of the light source relative to the leg and at