N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• microstructure and the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic stress mechanisms. Figure 4 shows that the tensile stress in as-deposited Mo thin films decreases from 1.25 to 0.31 GPa as the film thickness increases from 150 to 300 nm, attributed to the relaxation of intrinsic stress induced during deposition. At

• volume, enhancing the cumulative distortion effects inside the films. Furthermore, nitrogen implantation improves densification and modifies the crystal structure. Nitrogen ions serve as a barrier in boundary relaxation and grain growth, hence increasing the stress. The divergent behavior illustrates the

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• the measurements. The vortex system was studied by measuring the magnetization of the sample. The relaxation rate of the magnetization caused by the process of thermally activated creep of the magnetic flux was also measured. In this case, the phenomenon of collective creep of vortex bundles was

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• . The photoluminescence occurs when a material absorbs energy higher than its bandgap. In a semiconductor, this leads to the creation of a large number of electrons and holes in comparison to their equilibrium concentration. These generated charge carriers recombine after thermal relaxation, and photons

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• via non-radiative relaxation, resulting in localized lattice heating [76][77]. Therefore, semiconductors with narrow bandgaps typically show broad absorption spectra and high efficiency in photon trapping. In contrast, wide-bandgap semiconductors have a more limited range of light absorption and less

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• time, and their temperature is determined. The applicability of this model is limited by the fact that it does not consider possible inhomogeneities of the film properties and its heating, and the relaxation process is considered as an equilibrium one. We will use the expressions given in [19] to

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• in the RoI [51][52]. Precise distance control is also a promising mechanism for gate control in single-electron devices [53]. The RoI distance resulted as an effect of eigenstrain relaxation in the newly formed structure, similar to the eigenstrain evaluation technique described in [54]. At this

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• cluster for the size range of 2–20 in comparison with reported data which is calculated from Equation 1: Here, Etot is the total energy of the cluster after the relaxation step, n is the cluster size, and Eatom represents the free atom energy. The experimental studies of calcium dimers showed that the

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• inversion symmetry to save computational resources. The central unit cell is fixed to retain a bulk-like behavior. The remaining atoms are free to move without any constraints. After relaxation, the calculated (111) interplanar distances in the bulk and at the surface are, respectively, 2.37 and 2.39 Å for

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• conductivity is calculated as σs = σ∥a, with a ≈ 1 nm, the thickness of the flake. We also consider ε1 = ε0 and This yields relaxation times that span many orders of magnitude, from tens of milliseconds to few femtoseconds (τGO ≈ 40 ms and τrGO ≈ 4 fs). Comparing these with typical acquisition times for a

• height measurements in AM-AFM mode, the presence of an oscillating surface charge introduces additional dynamic effects typically overlooked, which, under certain conditions, should be considered when calculating the tip–sample interaction. Also, we have identified a relaxation time required to reach the

• stationary or periodic state for a static or oscillating tip, respectively. This relaxation time is crucial to the overall charge dynamics and depends on the material’s in-plane conductivity and on the measurement parameters. When this relaxation time is comparable to, or even significantly exceeds, the

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• properties of these layers and to attain the desired parameters in the final product. Controlled thermal treatment serves various purposes, such as enabling crystal structure relaxation, defect reduction, and enhancement of the films’ crystalline arrangement. Furthermore, it can lead to improved electrical

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• is an indication of no carbon contamination, which would be observed around 1300–1400 cm−1 and 1550–1600 cm−1 [26]. The relaxation in the vibrational modes, as evidenced by the Raman spectra, serves as a compelling indicator of the successful exfoliation. It is in good agreement with XRD and TEM

• -thermal plasma exfoliation process starting from micrometer-sized TiN powder. The resulting product exhibited a plate-like thin film morphology with an enlarged d-spacing of the (200) crystallographic planes and a relaxation of the Raman vibrational modes. While the cubic structure and chemical

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• superparamagnetic, and their magnetic saturation (Ms) reached 30.6 emu·g−1 and 20.7 emu·g−1, respectively. Compared with the Ms of Fe3O4 NCs, the Ms of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs significantly decreased, which indicated the successful introduction of the nonmagnetic CUR layer and MnO2. Relaxation rate measurements CUR-Fe@MnO2

• NFs can affect T1/T2 MRI contrast. After incubation with different concentrations of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs in a simulated TME for 24 h, the T1 value decreased in response to Mn2+ release, and the T2 value decreased in response to Fe3O4 (Figure 3a). The longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the NFs

• Clara, USA). The magnetic properties were evaluated on a Quantum Design PPMS-9T vibrating magnetometer at 300 K in a magnetic field from −3.0 T to 3.0 T (PPMS-9T, Quantum Design, San Diego, USA). Longitudinal (T1) and transversal (T2) relaxation times were measured on a 3.0 T MR scanner (MAGNETOM Skyra

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• defects in the middle of the suspended part. This effect should be even more pronounced if we assume that a NW is deformed and stressed only in the early stage of the hot phase followed by a gradual relaxation of the NW by the means of heat-enhanced rearrangement of Ag atoms at the contact with the

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• strain for such films does not exist. However, it depicts how the stress drops because of strain relaxation in such films. Since resistance is directly proportional to strain in the tunneling + destruction model, one can think that the resistance of such films would also drop. Based on strain relaxations

• resistance vs strain curve at smaller strain and the plateau region are similar (Figure 2b), indicating a similar piezoresistance mechanism in both strain regions. This can be understood by strain relaxation occurring at GBs by crack formation and bond movement, as well as reformation and changes in the

• likely due to cracks already formed in the first cycle. Another process that might be considered for strain relaxation is grain rotation as shown in Figure 4. The rotation of grains during the straining of metal films has been studied extensively [40][41]. The effect is prominent for metal films with

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• the previously available experimental and theoretical data to validate our work. Results and Discussion In this section, we will present the results of the structural relaxation, stability, and electronic properties of neutral Zn clusters. The predictions of the various geometrical structures are

• the binding energy per atom of each cluster isomer, which can be defined as: where Etot is the total energy of the cluster after relaxation, n is the size of the cluster, and Eatom is the energy of a free atom. Here, we have also employed spin-polarized calculations to obtain the binding energies of

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• remarkable stability and favorable recoverability. Figure 2d illustrates the response time of the helical sensor when subjected to a quasi-transient step strain of 10%. Notably, the response time was approximately 158 ms, while the relaxation time was approximately 243 ms, indicating a strong response to

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• higher than the polymer relaxation [43]. Based on the R2 values shown in Table 1, the release data of the BBR NPs/PLA nanofiber scaffold was simultaneously well described by the Higuchi and Ritger–Peppas models, suggesting that BBR NPs release was mainly controlled by a diffusion mechanism. However, the

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• external magnetic field applied using the objective lens was first studied using Lorentz TEM. The initial magnetic configuration of the Py nanodisks after relaxation is shown in Figure 13c. In order to ascertain the coercive field of the sample, we applied the external field until the contrast was no

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• to heat up under irradiation by non-radiative relaxation. This is favorable to minimize the superposition between absorption and emission peaks, but might lead to a low quantum yield and, thus, poor emission intensity. Indeed, the quantum yield of Ox-BSA/PDA NPs in water (Φ) was calculated to be 0.1

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• system. Even in the case of adiabatic control, relaxation and thermal excitation processes can introduce additional difficulties that need to be considered when designing quantum interferometers and tuning circuits, adjusters, and neurons based on them. In particular, dissipative processes significantly

• , another important factor (in addition to relaxation) that influences the evolution of observable quantities for an interferometer is thermal fluctuations. It is known that the operating temperature, T, of quantum circuits with Josephson junctions is chosen much smaller than the characteristic temperature

• operating temperatures. For example, the dark blue region in Figure 4b is only suitable for T ∼ 0.1 K. Note that for the parameters used and a Josephson junction quality factor of Q ∼ 105, the relaxation time is tr ∼ 1 μs. From this rough estimate it can be seen that in the future, adiabatic cells of tuning

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• are likely to occur, namely (i) the relaxation of electrons from non-Fermi levels to the Fermi level (electron–electron scattering), (ii) the cooling of hot electron gas through electron–phonon scattering, and (iii) the emission of heat to the surrounding (phonon–phonon scattering) (Figure 4A,B). The

• nanosheets exhibited a high PCE of 52% at 808 nm [40]. Palladium nanocorollae have shown a photothermal effect due to NIR LSPR with a temperature increase up to 50 °C [36]. Semiconductor nanomaterials: Generation and relaxation of electron–hole pairs are responsible for heat generation in semiconductor

• nanomaterials. When excited by photons with an energy greater than or equal to the bandgap of the materials, electron–hole pairs are generated. The electrons excited to the conduction band will leave holes in the valence band. The relaxation of these electrons can occur radiatively in the form of photons and

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• –Peppas model, also called power law, was initially used to describe drug release in polymeric systems where the two predominant mechanisms were relaxation of the polymer chains and diffusion. In this model (Equation 2), Mt/M∞ is the fraction dissolved, K is a constant that incorporates structural and

• , the estimated value of n was 0.56, suggesting mixed release mechanisms at play with a strong contribution of diffusion. As in our case there is no polymer relaxation involved, it may be hypothesized that the burst effect could be slightly affecting the global kinetics of the process [35]. Although

The microstrain-accompanied structural phase transition from h-MoO₃ to α-MoO₃ investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction

• Zeqian Zhang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Minting Luo and
• Zhenfei Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.55

• is also reflected by the relaxation of the Mo–O3 bond from a short bond (1.813 Å at 360 °C) to a normal value (1.967 Å at 400 °C). Based on the above analysis, we obtain the structural evolution of the h-MoO3→α-MoO3 phase transition, as illustrated in Figure 6. Heating the h-MoO3 phase causes not

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• initial excitation energy through vibrational relaxation, causing the emitted photon to have a longer wavelength and lower energy. Other processes that do not involve light emission can be used to relax the excited state S1. These are non-radiative processes that hinder fluorescence emission by competing

• with it and lowering its effectiveness [39][40][41]. The shift of the fluorescence spectrum to longer wavelengths with respect to the excitation spectrum is called the Stokes shift. Fluorescence relaxation processes are all spin-neutral (spin-allowed), and the electron’s spin orientation is always

• hundred seconds), relaxation to the singlet S0 may take place with the emission of a photon, known as phosphorescence. Since the majority of these emerging contaminants (antibiotics and hormones) are non-fluorescent, several luminescent or fluorescent materials have been utilised to monitor their levels

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• that there are some fluctuations in the high-frequency range (10–16 GHz), which are called Debye relaxation peaks. These peaks are caused by shape anisotropy or surface polarization. For the SCZ samples, the unique core–shell structure and the interface polarization effect between different phases may

• account for this phenomenon. Actually, the dielectric relaxation process of electromagnetic waves in the SCZ samples can be well explained by the Debye theory [37]. According to this theory, the relationship between ε′ and ε″ can be expressed as: where εs and ε∞ are the static and relative the dielectric

• permittivity at the high-frequency limit, respectively. Thus, the plot of ε′ and ε″ is a single semicircle, generally denoted as the Cole–Cole semicircle. At least one dielectric relaxation process occurs when a semicircle arises. Figure 6 shows obvious semicircles under different conditions, especially at a