Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• achieve an optimal balance between power load, responsivity, and total noise [17][22]. This capability is particularly critical for applications like cosmic microwave background polarimetry or high-resolution spectroscopy, where the detector must operate photon-noise-limited under a specific background

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• overnight sample incubation to reach 90 ± 5% RH, corresponding to very wet climate or air during precipitation. In addition, we refer to “hydrophilic conditions” in AFM for hydrophilic surfaces (APDMES silicon) scanned by a silicon tip. We found a vertical resolution (∆z) of 0.04 nm and a surface roughness

• scans, from 650 to 4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1, in triplicate. Background spectra were recorded on gold areas outside the evaporated droplet. The FTIR spectra were obtained with the equipment software OPUS v.6.5 without further data processing. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy VSFG spectra

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• of the most important achievements in the history of science. The influence of nanomaterials research goes beyond academic curiosity. It has triggered the evolution of microscopic and analytical techniques to visualize matter at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution, to the point where we can

• now visualize materials at molecular and atomic scales with unprecedented resolution. Without the demands of nanomaterials research, such advancements in instrumentation and methodology would likely have taken much longer to emerge. Notably, nanomaterial research not only has expanded the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• ) spectroscopy is used regularly to identify the chemical structure of MPs [34]. One of the most important developments for nanoplastic detection in complex environmental matrices is micro-FTIR to analyze particles smaller than 10 µm [35]. Raman spectroscopy improves on FTIR by using higher resolution and the

• microscopy (SEM) produces high-resolution images of particle shapes. It also indicates surface wear and tear patterns that reflect how old the MP is and how long it has been in the environment [38]. Ease of operation and minimal cost of optical microscopy make it widely used, despite being less sophisticated

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• , Tables S4 to S6). However, the presence of significant higher-order interactions limited the predictive capability and overall fit of the model. These limitations indicated the need for a more refined strategy with higher resolution and reduced confounding effects. Therefore, a Box–Behnken design (BBD

• experimental domain. Subsequently, a three-level Box–Behnken design was used to refine the model and enhance resolution. Microemulsion clarity was visually classified into four categories: (1) transparent, (2) slightly cloudy, (3) slightly milky, and (4) milky. The experimental matrix and statistical analyses

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• ) technique that synergistically integrates PeakForce tapping mode with higher eigenmode vibrations to achieve simultaneous high-resolution topographical imaging and to access additional contrast channels for distinguishing material regions or compositions. Unlike conventional multimodal AFM, our method

• traditional dynamic modes, PFT eliminates the need for intricate cantilever tuning by real-time regulation of the interaction force at each scan point. This innovation not only simplifies operation but also enables high-resolution topographic imaging with exceptional stability, even in challenging

• , establishing a novel multifrequency AFM technique. This method synergizes quasi-static force control with dynamic vibrational signals, enabling simultaneous high-resolution topography and mechanical mapping, as well as enhanced material contrast through eigenmode-derived phase imaging. Experimental results

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• detachment, thereby enhancing adhesion strength. The computed pull-off forces and observed mechanisms are consistent with atomic force microscopy measurements and previous simulations. These results align with existing experimental and computational studies. They also overcome scale and resolution

• treatment to an entire seta with multiple spatulae. Since purely particle-based simulation techniques are limited by the number of atoms (or coarse-grained beads), it becomes computationally unfeasible to model an entire seta at molecular resolution. A back-of-the-envelope calculation gives an estimate of

• molecular resolution. This two-way, concurrent coupling turns adhesion from a prescribed boundary condition into an emergent, geometry- and state-dependent response: Local spatula-level peeling, sliding, and contact reorientation feed back into the global branched seta, which, in turn, reshapes the local

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• adapted for chiral separations, providing robust, reproducible methods for enantiomeric resolution. Chiral chromatography is a pivotal technique in the separation and analysis of chiral compounds, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, where the distinction between different enantiomers of a

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• encapsulation within the PLA shell. An ATR-FTIR spectrometer (Frontier FT-IR/FIR, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to acquire spectra in the range of 4000–600 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and 60 scans. Samples analyzed included monolithic PLA nanofibers, HA/PLA, HA+NE2/PLA, and HA powder. X-ray diffraction XRD

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• . Transverse sections through the tubes could be imaged with high resolution in SEM (JEOL JSM-7200F), showing the arrangement of cement spots binding mineral particles together. The epoxy resin embedding technique provided excellent preservation of the cement spot structure. Honeycomb worms embedded in Spurr

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• entire length of the measurement [14][15][16]. This calculation results in a single measurement of the cantilever’s oscillation frequency and other oscillation parameters, but can also result in high frequency/spectral resolution that can allow for the determination of quantifiable results for parameters

• ][12][13].The drawback to most wavelet transforms applied to analyze AFM thermal deflection signals is that these measurements suffer from insufficient spectral resolution, which limits the ability to accurately quantify cantilever oscillation characteristics, as well as making it difficult to obtain

• the thermal motion of the cantilever using short-term Fourier transforms (STFTs). Similar to wavelet transforms, STFTs allow one to calculate the time-varying spectra of the cantilever’s deflection signal over the measurement time with a simpler way of controlling the spectral/frequency resolution

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• deposition, chemical mechanical polishing, and laser nanopatterning, enable the creation of nanostructures and nanoscale devices. However, a major limitation of these methods is their inability to effectively produce high-resolution three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3][4]. In contrast, focused electron

• or ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) allows for the precise fabrication of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures with well-defined shapes and dimensions ranging from 5 to 10 nm [1][5][6][7][8][9][10]. This high spatial resolution is achieved by precisely controlling the position and

• the fabrication or modification of cantilevers in AFM and scanning optical near-field microscopy, and as plasmonic materials [15][16][17][18][19]. FEBID/FIBID techniques combine the advantages of direct-write lithographic processes, for example, high spatial resolution, site-specificity, no need for

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• ]. The challenge for high-resolution AFM is designing such a detector for a test mass hosting a sharp tip that is scanned over a surface in ultrahigh vacuum and at ultralow temperature. In this paper, we report on an AFM cantilever force sensor with an integrated detector consisting of a compact

• features in a 1 µm scan field, but has not been tested to atomic resolution. Results and Discussion Force sensitivity and imaging The microcantilever in dynamic AFM operates as a resonant force transducer. Each individual eigenmode is described by a mechanical susceptibility χ, expressing cantilever

• degraded by detector noise. For FM-AFM this bandwidth is Δf = Γ(T/T*), whereas AM-AFM requires Δf ≤ Γ. Force sensitivity is, however, only one aspect of a high-performance AFM. Ultimately the image speed and resolution, both vertical and lateral, are influenced by many factors, namely, equilibrium tip

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• sputtering and the increase in surface roughness during implantation may result in a shallower experimental profile than predicted. Differences can also arise from the finite depth resolution of RBS, which is influenced by energy straggling and multiple scattering effects, leading to a broadening of the

• thin surface layer with a depth of a few nanometers. The deconvolution of the high-resolution C 1s peak of XPS spectra is illustrated in Figure 5 for GO and in Figure 6 for PI. Spectra are shown for unmodified samples and for samples exposed to the highest ion fluence (1 × 1016 cm−2). More detailed

• implantation energy. The deconvolution of the C 1s region in high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of pristine PI is depicted in Figure 6a, illustrating four distinct carbon components. These components include C–C carbons originating from the aromatic rings of the oxydianiline portion

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• integrate high-resolution computed tomography-based geometries to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying hygroscopic actuation. This integrative approach will bridge experimental findings with computational modeling and advance plant biomechanics and biomimetic transfer. Keywords: digital volume

• five resolution levels using a Gaussian filter was applied. The number of iterations per resolution level was set to 1000 for the affine transformation and 2000 for the B-spline transformation. Advanced normalized correlation was chosen as the correlation metric. The detailed parameter files

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• studies across a broad pressure range, enabling research in catalysis, corrosion, energy storage, and thin film growth. The high brilliance and small beam size of MAX IV’s synchrotron light are essential for pushing the time-resolution boundaries of APXPS, especially in the soft X-ray regime. We discuss

• energy range of 30–1500 eV with variable polarization and high photon flux in the low photon energy range [9]. The optics provide a moderately focused beam (~100 µm). The beamline covers an energy resolution typical for soft X-ray beamlines of resolving power values of the order of 5000–10000 over nearly

• , we must ensure a well-controlled environment that is relevant to catalytic conditions. This includes enhancing the temporal resolution of APXPS measurements. Ultimately, the goal is to understand the heterogeneity of a catalytic system with greater specificity regarding site, time, chemistry, and

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• 13.50 × 8.00 mm2 for each layer were cut from a tensile specimen with linear gradient and rectilinear interface using the laser cutter mentioned above, resulting in a total of seven specimens. Each specimen was scanned at a resolution of 4 μm, with a 360° scan and a rotation step of 0.3°, using a

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• drying. The P25 loading was ca. 50.0 mg (≈1.0 mg/cm2), nearly the same as that of the TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth. Characterizations The morphologies were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Germany Sigma 300) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ,5H)-trione pentenoic anhydride (PBTPA), Mo-polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), W-beeswax, and Mo-polycaprolactone [65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. However, in the case of high-performance devices that require high-resolution micropatterning, the application of conventional silicon

• electronic devices on a large-area substrate, such as a silicon wafer, followed by backside etching to remove the handle or box layers, thereby isolating the functional thin film for transfer onto a biodegradable substrate. This wafer-level technique offers a promising route to large-area, high-resolution

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and the correlation of the NP properties with the laser beam profile was studied. Three different beam profiles were selected, namely, a Bessel beam produced using an axicon, an

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• concentration of 4-MBA decreased logarithmically. Since the sample was prepared by drop casting onto a Si wafer, AgNPrs tended to aggregate, which may have led to reduced resolution of the Raman peaks at very low analyte concentrations. The relationship between 4-MBA concentration and the intensity of the 1589

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio besides high-resolution scanning applications [4][5]. These properties have made nanoscale electrodes the preferred choice in the biosensing industry, particularly for point-of-care applications. As this market continues to expand, there is a growing demand for more

• advantage makes them suitable for biosensing applications with high spatial resolution involving single cells. The morphology and functionality of the electrodes were characterized through elemental analysis and copper deposition, demonstrating their capability for effective surface modification. Results