Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• , including biochar, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), functionalized mesoporous silica, porous organic polymers, zeolite, and derivatives of graphene. These substances act as a support for metal oxides and immobilize the catalyst, increase the catalyst surface area, and improve the chemical stability

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• chemical modifications and/or coupling with hydrophilic polymers. TMZ was successfully incorporated in magnetic NPs [36], mesoporous silica NPs [37], and NPs made of silver [38], zinc oxide [39], and gold [40], all of them showing high accumulation in tumor cells and cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• . Furthermore, they require only small quantities for utilization [8]. Several types of nanoparticles have been employed as carriers for rhizobacteria inoculants, including silica nanoparticles [9], clay nanoparticles [8], carbon nanoparticles [10], zinc oxide nanoparticles [11], and calcium carbonate

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• silica-coated Au nanorods (Au@SiO2) placed at the edge of a commercially available intraocular lens (IOL) (Figure 3c). The localized photothermal conversion of Au@SiO2 effectively eradicated the residual LECs around the IOL using a low-energy laser (3.3 W·cm−2), thereby preventing disorganized fibrosis

• , effectively managing elevated IOP and preventing infection. Silica gel devices, used for decades to drain intraocular fluid and control IOP, often have limitations because of their fixed tube diameters [136][137]. These devices struggle to adapt to fluctuations in IOP caused by the disease process, patient

• -specific hypotony, or high IOP resulting from tissue fibrosis [138][139][140][141]. To address this, photothermal shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been employed to program and control the inner diameter of the drainage tubes (Figure 5b) [133]. These SMP silica gel drainage tubes consist of three layers

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• modified with the niobium compounds, the element sodium had its percentage decreased compared with that in the bentonite sample. However, the little change in the percentage of aluminum and silica, corresponding to the octahedral and tetrahedral layer, respectively, confirms that the niobium compounds are

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles is of great importance. Many materials are considered as a possible support for immobilization, including porous ceramics [15], glass [16][17], porous carbon materials [18][19], mesoporous silica [20][21][22][23], and zeolites [24][25][26][27]. Recent studies have confirmed

• that direct synthesis of TiO2 in mesoporous silica or zeolites provides strong immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles through Ti–O–Si bonding [21][22][23]. Previously, we reported the results of the trial synthesis of a new TiO2/2D mordenite nanocomposite [28]. The material was obtained from a composite

• consisting of lamellar mordenite separated by CTAB layers through the substitution of TEOS for TEOT and subsequent hydrolysis. As a result, the pillars separating the mordenite layers were not made of silica as in the routine synthesis method for the preparation of mesoporous materials, but of anatase

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• decades of technological evolution, during which NCs have become indispensable components of drug delivery systems, known for their adaptability and efficiency [2]. The “family” of nanoparticles (NPs) includes a broad range of materials such as lipids, polymers, proteins, dextran, silica [3], and metals

• in KCs, is essential for clearing infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes [30]. In nanomedicine, SRs are also responsible for clearing negatively charged NPs such as those composed of silica [31][32]. This interaction leads to the internalization of NCs via endocytosis

• into clinical practice requires overcoming key challenges, such as ensuring molecular stability, achieving targeted delivery, and minimizing immune activation. Ongoing research is addressing these barriers by advancing RNA delivery systems [77]. For example, mesoporous silica NPs have been utilized to

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• allow for benchmarking and interoperability of data from different labs, similar to the CHADA and MODA concepts. Example 4: Showcasing complex workflows in human immunotoxicity assessment using cell lines and primary cellular models In the context of studying bio-nano interactions of silica-based

• focused on silica (SiO2) nanomaterials in the size range of 50–100 nm (depending on the method used, i.e., transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, or dynamic light scattering (intensity or number distribution)) with different surface modifications, which are reported to be

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• templating process employed here, the 3D geometry did not significantly increase the porosity of titania. Our estimate for the effective refractive index of titania in the 3D lattice is in the range reported for pure titania thin films (1.95–2.55 [38], 1.72–2.03 [39]), hybrid silica/titania thin films (1.95

• [40], 1.50–1.95 [41] and hybrid organotitania (1.75–2.05 [42], 1.55–1.65 [43]). This is lower than the tabulated values of titania prepared by, for example, layer deposition (2.10 [44], 2.40 [45], see also [46][47]), but higher than that of pure silica replicas (1.50 [18]). This is not unexpected as

• , during templating, it unfortunately introduces lattice breakage and shrinkage. Therefore, a calcination process at high temperatures is likely not the best option for pure titania [24], although it seems to work better for silica [18]. The replication process used here had a modestly high temperature

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• photomodification to obtain NPs bearing a full protein corona on the lipid surface, the proteins of which could be identified by mass analysis [23]. Hossein Mohammad-Beigi and colleagues published another approach in 2020 [7]. They used methods of click chemistry to fix proteins on the surface of silica and

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• coated nanocarriers, such as PLGA NPs and silica NPs, enhance interactions with dendritic cells, leading to antitumor responses [25][26]. In a similar study with CMC-NPs composed of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and a CD59-specific binding peptide (CD59sp), the antitumor activity of the C-PC/CMC-CD59sp

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• -depth studies in complex environments to evaluate nanoparticle stability, protein corona formation, hemolytic activity, and targeting capabilities. To address this issue, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are here functionalized with zwitterionic (kinetic stabilizer) and folate groups

• active groups (amino, mercapto, or carboxylic functionalities) to interact with cells, viruses, and bacteria [17][18][20]. Pan et al. [24] developed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) covalently attached to (i) poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate) for improved stabilization

• four washes with deionized water. Finally, they were re-dispersed in 120.0 mL of water. After, a silica shell was synthesized around the preformed fluorescent core by the addition of ethanol (60.0 mL), ammonia solution (1.4 mL), and TEOS (1.7 mL). The addition of TEOS was done at a rate of 1.0 mL per

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• modalities of actively targeted usNPs and their current applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. 2 Inorganic ultrasmall NPs in cancer nanomedicine Important classes of inorganic usNPs under investigation for cancer nanomedicine include metallic usNPs (gold, silver), oxide and sulfide usNPs (silica

• ][156][157][158][159]; and Table 2 provides a quantitative assessment of tumor uptake for actively targeted usNPs compared to control groups, limited to studies including quantitative values of % ID/g. 5.1 Folic acid ligand/folate receptor Wu et al. developed core–shell silica NPs (Cornell dots, or C

• targeting and rapid clearance of PSMA-targeting AuNCs offers the potential for reducing radiation dosage and minimizing exposure to healthy tissue. Chen et al. developed renal-clearable and PSMA-targeting C’ dots for dual-modality imaging of prostate cancer [130]. These particles featured a ≈4 nm silica

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• hepatobiliary clearance in vivo. For example, positively charged mesoporous silica NPs (MSNPs) underwent significant uptake by hepatocytes, while MSNPs with negative charges were rapidly internalized by Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids [33]. The negative charge of the nanocarriers could facilitate efficient

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• /IR780 (10 μL) suspension was loaded on a silica film for 1 min, and water was allowed to evaporate. Then, the nanoparticles were coated with titanium, and the SEM images were acquired using a FE-SEM S4800 HITACHI, Japan. Drug loading efficiency The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 suspension was freeze-dried

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• , Kharlamov et al. investigated 180 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). Their findings unveiled a notable regression of coronary atherosclerosis associated with plasmonic photothermal therapy using silica–gold NPs (SiO2-AuNPs) [177]. Metal-based NPs exhibit the ability to scavenge free

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• , as they increase permeability and retention effect in solid tumors, enabling precise application to the targeted cells. Various structures such as silica-based conjugates, inorganic polymers, ceramic nanomaterials, gold, iron oxide, and noble metal nanoparticles have been utilized [9][10]. Among the

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• using electron beams and gas precursors was not widely recognized at the time when earlier studies regarding morphological changes in silica upon the electron irradiation were performed [24]. Therefore, neither of the electron-beam-induced changes into the SiO2 surface during the water purification of

• FEBID materials were taken into account. The topographical changes in silica can be a consequence of removing Si and O atoms by OH− groups, which are the product of adsorbed water molecules upon electron beam exposure. The related process of silica removal by hot water molecules at a high pressure has

• dissociation products of water molecules and thus could be actively involved in the SiO2 removal process. Our results, showing topographical changes in SiO2 are partially consistent with former studies reported by Steven Kalceff et al. [24] of either swelling or deswelling of a silica substrate upon electron

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• were performed in both 0.1× PBS (13.7 mM of NaCl, 0.27 mM of KCl, 1 mM of Na2HPO4, and 0.18 mM of KH2PO4, pH 7.4) and animal cell culture media containing DMEM and 10% FBS. Scanning electron microscopy For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, 10 μL of F127-folate@NP was loaded on the silica

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD results showed the appearance of an amorphous region of silica particles at a diffraction angle of 22°. The formation of silica was

• investigated by 29Si NMR, and it was found that the hydrolysis and condensation of VTES proceed more completely in basic conditions than in acidic conditions. The silica content of GO-VTES(b) was 43%, which is higher than that of GO-VTES(a) (8%). Morphology of silica was observed by SEM. The DPNR/GO-VTES

• , GO has quite poor compatibility with NR. It is necessary to modify GO to have a better interaction with the NR matrix. Various researchers have attempted to functionalize GO with silane coupling agents to prepare hybrid GO/silica fillers [25][26]. The concept is based on the hydrolysis and

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• , iron oxide, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles) [4]. Additionally, nanocarrier-free systems, such as drug nanocrystals, are also used to improve the delivery of poorly soluble drugs [5][6]. In our previous study, the saturation concentration of BBR in water was 2.0 mg/mL, while BBR nanoparticles

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• ) are derived from metals or silica [25]. The most common metal used in the production of IN found in this work was gold, even though it was also possible to observe a great amount of works using silver and zinc (Figure 5). While silica-derived nanoparticles are used in the treatment against

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• biological applications Mechanical properties of particles have a significant impact on the cell–particle interaction; most particles are reported to be taken up faster when they are more rigid [36]. Some materials such as phospholipids and organic silica NPs with a hyaluronic acid coating show superior

• variable elasticity were prepared by immersing mesoporous silica nanoparticles in carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) and crosslinking those with different amounts of carboxybetaine dimethacrylate (CBMAX). Particles with Young’s moduli between 4.5 and 162 MPa (measured in air) were obtained. By measuring

• convinced that elasticity as a formulation parameter can help to promote more nanoparticulate drug delivery systems to be translated to the clinics. (A) Height image of gelatin nanoparticles on a silica surface imaged in Milli-Q® water at 37 °C in the quantitative imaging mode. (B) A force–distance curve

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• -AFM imaging and I–V curves measurement to define the conditions for calibrated measurements. Calibration sample design and fabrication The sample developed in this work consisted of a square fused silica substrate (11 mm wide, 2 mm thick), on which gold connection lines and pads were fabricated by

• droplets (F42240, lead-free solder paste – class 5, CIF, France). The fused silica substrate was placed on a heating plate set to 270 °C, which required around 3 min to reach the melting temperature of the solder droplets (217 °C), as observed under an optical microscope. Upon cooling, 16 SMD resistors