Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• density, quick charge/discharge capacity, and an outstanding retention rate. Nanocarbons are the appropriate candidates for EDLCs due to their high surface charge-storage ability and high conductivity [8][9][10]. The development of electrode materials with an efficient EDLC and pseudocapacitor properties

• surface of the CDs were oxidized and converted to C=O groups [34]. The mechanism for the production of PG-CDs-AgNPs has been illustrated in Figure 3. The surface area of the supercapacitor electrode material is an important feature that can aid in surface charge storage. The specific surface area of the

• mechanism for PG-CDs-AgNPs, as evidenced by the quasi-rectangular CV profile [38]. The electrochemistry of any electrode material is purposefully controlled by the composition of the electrolyte. Since KCl is used as a neutral electrolyte, PG-CDs-AgNPs exhibit capacitive behavior through a surface-charge

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• likelihood of collisions and agglomeration if the repulsive forces are insufficient compared to other solvents, or the material-specific properties of FeS2, such as its semiconductor nature, weaker surface charge, and potential surface reactivity [73]. These factors reduce the effectiveness of electrostatic

• or steric stabilization, leading to agglomeration and precipitation. This behavior contrasts with metallic Ag NPs, which remain stable in acetone due to stronger electrical double layers and surface charge. According to the literature, in the case of nanosecond (ns) laser pulses, the laser energy can

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• ][106], architecture [107][108], degree of amine/phosphate complexation [109], and surface charge density of the polymers [110] strongly affect the transfection efficiency and toxicity of these cationic platforms. In this section of the review, we discuss the progress and challenges associated with the

• coworkers [128], study and synthesis of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers for drug and gene delivery have grown exponentially [129][130]. PPI dendrimers are highly branched, tree-like macromolecules with well-defined structures and dense positively surface charge comprised of a backbone of tertiary

• and oligofectamine–ASO complexes; cytotoxicity appeared to be related to dendrimer generation and, therefore, their molecular weight. Later studies by Ziemba et al. confirmed that the genotoxicity of PPI dendrimers was surface charge-dependent through the analysis of fourth-generation dendrimers (PPI

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• . Characterization of PEG–PCL nanoparticles The synthesized PEG–PCL nanoparticles were characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, such as size and surface charge. The average hydrodynamic size, monodispersity, and surface charge of the nanoparticles were measured using the ZetaSizer (Nano ZS, Malvern

• , UK). Dried 10 mg/mL PEG–PCL NPs were dissolved in PBS and sonicated for 30 min. The sonicated sample was taken in a cuvette for measurement. The sample pH was in the range of 7.2–7.4. Separate cuvettes (DTS1072 and DTS0012) were used to measure the surface charge and average size of the nanoparticles

• physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, surface charge, and elemental composition using DLS, TEM, SEM, and XPS (Figure 2). The PEG–PCL NPs were characterized using a zetasizer (Nano ZS, Malvern, UK) to comprehensively assess their size, surface charge, monodispersity, and average hydrodynamic size

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• percentages ranging from 45% to 73% [62]. They concluded that this difference was not only due to the charge of the nanoparticles but also due to the different sizes of the formulations. In a recent study, the effects of surface charge and chemistry of the nanoparticles on their penetration abilities were

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• of nanoparticles, and preserves the sterility of the material [19][20]. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate, a negative ion surfactant, was adsorbed in the production process onto the surface of nanoparticles, resulting in negatively charged particles. Particles with the same surface charge repel

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• formulations of the hybrid CN MWCNTs-G compared to the corresponding MWCNTs were characterized by a similar or slightly higher TMZ content, larger particle size, similar surface charge, and slightly faster TMZ release, which can be attributed to the planar structure of graphene that promotes TMZ binding to the

• surface on a larger scale. For the irradiated CNs, lower values for particle size, more positive values for surface charge, and accelerated TMZ release were observed, which could be explained by changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations upon irradiation. Significant

• higher cytotoxicity of the hybrid CN. Additional decrease in the viability of cells was observed when GBM cells pre-treated with the corresponding CNs were exposed to irradiation, which could be ascribed to changes in size, surface charge, and release kinetics of TMZ and to irradiation-induced changes in

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• order to limit the ablation to the ILM more precisely, it is necessary to avoid ICG obstruction and trapping by the vitreous collagen network (the surface charge of ICG NPs should be negative or neutral, and the size of the ICG NPs should be less than 550 nm), as well as to avoid ICG crossing the ILM to

• reach the retina (the size of the ICG NPs should be greater than 100 nm). Therefore, in subsequent studies, two types of ICG NPs were synthesized using lipids and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) [53]. Size, surface charge, and ICG concentration of the NPs were modulated by varying the synthesis

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• , leading to mineralization into CO2 and H2O [8]. According to the observed results, the BEOx and BEPh samples notably exhibited higher efficiency in the adsorption process (99.01% and 99.99%, respectively) than in photocatalysis. This phenomenon can be attributed to the negative surface charge of the

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• influence PC formation and NC clearance, including NP size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, surface chemistry, and the encountered biological fluid [37][38][39]. NPs larger than 200 nm in size tend to accumulate in the liver and spleen, while those with a diameter of less than 10 nm are rapidly eliminated

• by the kidneys as they can pass through renal filtration mechanisms. Surface charge also plays a crucial role in NC clearance; cationic NCs are preferable for penetrating cells. However, they are rapidly cleared by macrophages via SR-mediated pathways. In contrast, neutral or slightly negatively

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• uniformity. However, the zeta potential significantly decreased to −24.12 ± 5.75 mV, reflecting a substantial change in surface charge due to the anionic nature of SO, which may enhance colloidal stability through electrostatic repulsion. The Aurein 1.2-modified liposomes (AUR-Lipo) showed a notable increase

• nanoformulations. Interestingly, the zeta potential of AUR-Lipo remained virtually unchanged at −2.42 ± 2.41 mV, indicating that the neutral charge of the AUR peptide effectively preserved the nanoparticle’s surface charge. When exposed to pH 5 for 1 h, Unmodified-Lipo maintained its size and charge, demonstrating

• reduction in surface charge diminishes electrostatic repulsion between the liposomes and the endosomal membrane, thereby enhancing hydrophobic interactions. These changes are critical for facilitating the structural perturbations required for efficient endosomal escape. In vitro colocalization studies

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• or active targeting mechanisms. In the passive strategy, coated nanocarriers can traverse permeable vessels (as observed in tumors, for example) and exhibit tropism toward specific pathological targets based on the size, surface charge, and physicochemical properties of the nanostructure. The active

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• [26][27]. The computational prediction of the ZP of NMs (Figure 1) has been of high interest in the area of nanoinformatics during the last decade, given the role of surface charge in determining NMs interactions with membranes and in driving toxicity, whereby positively charged particles are

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• mucin. While the presence of the mucin did not significantly alter the negative surface charge of the PLGA NPs, the more negative zeta potential values of the PLGA-chitosan NPs showed that there was an interaction with mucin. Following this, the RH-loaded NPs showed 3.22-fold enhanced drug permeation

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• this diode were examined. The synthesized CDs are spherical with an average size of 5.5 nm, have a negative surface charge and contain 73.3 atom % C, 24.0 atom % O, and 2.7 atom % N. The CDs exhibit fluorescence at approximately 394 nm. The layer thickness and bandgap energy of the prepared CDs film

• that the prepared CDs exhibited comparable amounts of the two carbon species [19]. In addition, the surface charge of the CDs was found to be −5.77 mV by zeta potential measurements. This value shows that there are more negatively charged carboxyl and hydroxy groups on the surface of the CDs than

• study, Rheum ribes, which grows wild in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, was used as a carbon source for the first time, and fluorescent carbon dot structures (CDs) were successfully synthesized in a single step by the hydrothermal synthesis method. Morphology, size, and surface charge of these

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• nanostructures were measured using an Epoch2 spectrophotometer (BioTek, USA). Hydrodynamic radius and polydispersity index (PDI) were measured using dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, UK). The zeta potential measurements were conducted to determine the surface charge for both isotropic and

• distribution of CTAB on the surfaces due to the isotropic geometry. The amount of CTAB is critical in determining the functional aspects of the metal nanospheres or nanorods. Hydrodynamic radius, polydispersity, and surface charge of the synthesized CTAB-capped nanoparticles were measured as shown in Figure 2c

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• and biological/environmental application. The properties of the materials in biological environments may differ significantly depending on the composition of the medium (e.g., aggregation state, surface charge, and dissolution) and determine their biological effects. Therefore, the initial step to

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• groups would not be available to contribute to the surface charge and the ZW structure has a net neutral charge, which does not interfere with the NP charge. The maintenance of the negative charge can be explained by the existence of remaining silanol groups on the surface of SiO2NPs, resulting from a

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . Physicochemical features such as size, shape, and surface charge play an extremely important role in the internalization of nanostructures. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells requires two steps. The first is the binding to the cell membrane, and the second is the uptake into the cell [34]. The zeta potential

• of SNPs was measured as +14.1 mV at pH 7.0 [24]. Nanostructures with this surface charge will repel each other and will not aggregate. The high surface charge of the SNPs can be seen as evidence of suspension stability. In addition, the positively charged nanostructures are preferentially bound to

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• impermeable basal lamina allow for rapid accumulation of NPs in the liver through passive targeting [24]. Complementing certain anatomic or pathophysiological features of the target organ, such passive accumulation also relies on nanoparticle properties including size, shape, surface charge, and

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• early diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes [98]. In environmental monitoring, alginate nanoparticles have been employed for the detection of pollutants and contaminants in water and air, helping to ensure environmental safety [99]. The main factor for the sensing ability of alginate is the surface

• charge on the polymer. It is critical in enabling quick electron transfer between an enzyme and an electrode surface, triggering the enzyme’s catalytic function for rapid biosensing [100]. Environmental sensing applications One key advantage of using nanosensors in environmental sensing is their ability

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293