Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• adsorption. Furthermore, surface reactions may be altered by the simultaneous presence of fragments of metalorganic and residual gas molecules. However, if there is plenty of carbonaceous matrix co-deposited by the metalorganic precursor molecules, one could hypothesize that the surface reactions of the

• residual gas molecules may be similar in type and yield to surface reactions of the residual gas molecules on its own deposit. A comparison with deposits made under UHV conditions in the future could be valuable for validating this method. Comparison among Pd precursors used in FEBID The total number of

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• sites, slow kinetics of surface reactions, and the reduced mobility of charges, resulting in electron delocalization [99][100]. The molecular rearrangement of g-C3N4 has been the subject of recent research because of its potential to alter the surface chemistry and textural structure [101]. This

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ]. Also, modeling of CVD microreactors at atmospheric pressure using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a source to obtain SiO2 has been achieved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [22]. The gas-phase and surface reactions were analyzed using direct Monte Carlo simulations of a hot wire

• give rise to the surface reactions for the growth of the films. In the reaction mechanisms reported for the growth of SiO2 films, the role of intermediate •H and •OH and •O2 radicals has been pointed out through in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. These species react with silane-derived

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• -vacuum (UHV) system and at, or close to, liquid helium temperature (4–10 K, LT UHV), the method allows for the direct characterization of individual molecules with intramolecular contrast [4], opening up the field of studying on-surface reactions [5] or tip-induced chemistry [6]. The method also makes it

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• surface reactions; Introduction Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a state-of-the-art direct-write process for the fabrication of nanoscale materials and devices with arbitrary shape and size down to the sub-10 nm regime [1][2][3]. In FEBID, precursor molecules that contain the element

• , bottom). This is ascribed to surface reactions with residual gases such as CO and H2O (see below). After a deposition step, CKLL and even more OKLL electrons from these impurities at the interface between the Ta substrate and the deposit can contribute to the total signal within and even beyond the

• bound to the surface or to precursor fragments following thermal surface reactions on the Ta substrate. We note that scenario B would imply that thermal dissociation continues on top of the dissociated first layer of Fe(CO)5 or Fe(CO)4MA on the Ta substrate. Such AG has previously been revealed by AES

unDrift: A versatile software for fast offline SPM image drift correction

• Tobias Dickbreder,
• Franziska Sabath,
• Lukas Höltkemeier,
• Ralf Bechstein and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1225–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.101

• effective way to reduce thermal drift to a minimum is to carry out SPM experiments under cryogenic conditions close to the temperature of liquid helium. The cryogenic temperature, however, also drastically reduces the rates of thermal processes such as on-surface reactions, diffusion, or desorption [25

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• . The rationale behind such functionalization is that fatty alcohols will form ether bonds with surface silicon atoms upon alcoholysis, and bulky alyphatic chains will provide a steric barrier and deter further surface reactions. In this example, the obtained sols showed no signs of particle

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• density functional theory (DFT) simulations have recently been used to explore the reaction mechanism in Ti–organic MLD film growth [42], such a study that explores the surface reactions and the precursor chemistry in titanicone MLD film growth and the role of the precursor chemistries is still lacking

• two TiCl3 species, anatase–2TiCl3 and rutile–2TiCl3, and the distance between the Ti atoms of the two TiCl3 species is 6.0 Å on the anatase TiO2 surface and 6.9 Å on rutile TiO2 surface. Reactions between organic precursors and TiCl3/TiCl2-terminated anatase/rutile TiO2 surface With these post-TiCl4

• , −1.29 eV for the rutile TiO2 surface, −2.06 eV for the Al2O3 surface. The distance between Ti atoms of the two TiDMA species is 7.2 Å on the anatase TiO2 surface and rutile TiO2 surface and 7.1 Å on the Al2O3 surface. Reactions between organic precursors and TiDMA-terminated anatase/rutile TiO2 and

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• methods has been very successful in recent decades, but it mainly focused on metal or semi-metal surfaces. The research revealed numerous ways to steer self-assembly and on-surface reactions by a careful choice of functionalization and substrates [2]. Despite its importance for applications, the

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• attractive thin film technique that allows for a conformal coating of not only planar substrates but also of highly porous ones [12][19][20][25]. This method is based on well-defined self-limiting surface reactions combined to deposit thin layers with highly uniform thickness. At least two precursors

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• dispersion of GO to the organic solvent, in which the reaction occurrs, affects the formation of the ZnFe2O4 hollow spheres [17][39], resulting in a limitation of surface reactions. In addition, as shown in Figure 8b, the response of the sensors to 25–100 ppm acetone was also probed employing the same

• sensors show an enhanced response when the temperature is increased from 150 to 200 °C, while for the pure ZnFe2O4 sensor the response has a maximum at 175 °C. This tendency is ascribed to the higher surface activation energy at elevated temperature. As a result, the activation energy barrier of surface

• reactions with the target gas molecules is more easily overcome, resulting in an increased response [40][41]. At 200 °C, the 0.5 wt % ZnFe2O4/rGO sensor shows the highest response of 8.18. At a temperature of 225 °C, the responses decrease quickly, most likely due to the faster motion of the acetone

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• the films started reacting with air. GIXRD of as-deposited samples with indexed reflections attributed to cubic LiH. GIXRD was performed at an incidence angle of 1°, and a scan speed 0.02°per 14.5 seconds. Possible mechanism of the surface reactions. Derivative Auger spectra confirming the presence of

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• systems at lower concentration for both surfactants. At higher surfactant concentrations, the interaction between the TNW surface and surfactant molecules prevails. The proposed SCM accounted for the difference in molecular structure of the surfactant–TNW surface reactions. The proposed interfacial

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• counterparts considering the increasing importance of surface effects. The high surface-to-volume ratios in such materials allow for the control of bulk features by surface modifications. Electrostatic charging or electrochemical (surface) reactions are possible ways to influence metal surfaces in a well

Improved catalytic combustion of methane using CuO nanobelts with predominantly (001) surfaces

• Qingquan Kong,
• Yichun Yin,
• Bing Xue,
• Yonggang Jin,
• Wei Feng,
• Zhi-Gang Chen,
• Shi Su and
• Chenghua Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2526–2532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.235

• controlling the synthesis conditions, as previously demonstrated in the literature [18][19][20]. In terms of reactivity, minority surfaces have a large amount of lowly coordinated atoms that can be actively involved in surface reactions, including adsorbing CH4 and stabilizing intermediates [7]. Following

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• surface and prevent surface reactions, and in turn, hamper the photocatalytic activity [25]. In order to address the above issues, TiO2 photocatalysts are often synthesized in the form of a porous colloidal particle in sub-micrometer dimensions [8][26][27]. They can be calcined at high temperature, which

Chemistry for electron-induced nanofabrication

• Petra Swiderek,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1317–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.124

• must rely on a detailed understanding of all relevant aspects of FEBID. This includes the fundamental electron–precursor interactions leading to precursor fragmentation, surface reactions initiated by these interactions, the design and synthesis of novel FEBID precursors, as well as parameters inherent

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• process and the potential for EBID as a scalable fabrication technique that could have a transformative effect on the athermal deposition of materials. Keywords: boron oxide; diffusion and growth; electron beam-induced deposition; surface reactions; trimethyl borate; Introduction Applications for boron

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• was chosen to passivate the silicon surface and to serve as a resist layer to accomplish spatial selectivity for surface reactions. The uncovered sites of Si(111) within the nanoholes expose hydroxyl groups for binding organosilanes such as CMPS. Preparation of CMPS nanodots The samples with nanoholes

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• /TiO2 catalysts. They concluded that NO2 is vital for attaining faster reoxidation of the vanadium sites. There are two surface reactions that are usually involved in the NO removal system: the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley–Rideal mechanisms [9]. It is believed that NH3 is first adsorbed by both Lewis

Perovskite-structured CaTiO₃ coupled with g-C₃N₄ as a heterojunction photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation

• Ashish Kumar,
• Christian Schuerings,
• Suneel Kumar,
• Ajay Kumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 671–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.62

• is desirable. The physical and chemical properties of a photocatalyst are related to its photocatalytic performance as three crucial factors of photocatalysis (i.e., photon absorption, charge carrier transfer and catalytic surface reactions) are dependent on them [8][9]. Two-dimensional (2D) layered

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

• observed in the electron energy loss study on Pt(PF3)4 [33], many of these states have been shown to be dissociative, indicating a high ND efficiency for this molecule [41]. Electron induced surface reactions of H2FeRu3(CO)13 The surface reactions of adsorbed H2FeRu3(CO)13 molecules were studied under UHV

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• adsorbed precursor at specific surface sites or to surface reactions induced by prior overview scanning with the electron beam. However, background deposition was also found for experiments where the substrate was not irradiated prior to deposition. Even though previous mass spectrometric measurements have

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10