Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• synthesis–attachment are long preparation times, the generation of hazardous organic solvent and ligand waste [15], and poor electrical contact at the nanoparticle–support interface, particularly for nanoparticles with surfactant-terminated surfaces [16]. Conventionally made nanoparticles rely on

• surfactants for size control [17][18][19]. Nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser in liquid synthesis are surfactant-free [1], but the same binder strategies are used for nanoparticle–support composites as for conventionally made nanoparticles. Capping ligands and binders hinder intimate contact between

• reactions and can create unwanted side products [7]. Long-term surfactant stability and associated catalyst agglomeration or detachment are another issue. Post-synthetic attachment of catalyst nanoparticles is poorly scalable, creates large amounts of organic hazardous waste, and results in wastage of

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• of nanoparticles, and preserves the sterility of the material [19][20]. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate, a negative ion surfactant, was adsorbed in the production process onto the surface of nanoparticles, resulting in negatively charged particles. Particles with the same surface charge repel

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) functionalization of the nanoparticles have been observed, which ultimately should affect their lipophilicity and, hence, colloidal stability in apolar or polar solvents. Two-phase liquid systems and the possibility to transfer the surfactant-free nanoparticles from one liquid phase into another remain practically

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• environments or functional groups [3]. Surfactants bind to metal surfaces and create a stable colloidal solution by preventing the nanoparticles from aggregation or clustering [4]. CTAB is a widely used cationic surfactant that provides nanoparticle ionic stability and anisotropy [5]. Although CTAB delivers

• length) and AuNR2 (longer length) were centrifuged at 16,000g and 12,000g for 20 min, respectively, to remove excess of surfactant and any impurities. Characterization of CTAB-capped isotropic and anisotropic metal nanoparticles The plasmonic properties of the synthesized isotropic and anisotropic metal

• chose bare nanospheres of gold/silver and compared them to the CTAB-capped metal nanoparticles [31]. Results and Discussion Figure 1a shows the synthesis of isotropic and anisotropic metal nanoparticles using CTAB as surfactant. Silver and gold nanospheres, along with nanorods of different lengths were

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• [1][2][3][4][5]. In the study, we employed two methods, namely, single emulsion–evaporation and nanoprecipitation–diffusion, using F127 as a surfactant. The nanoparticles formulated by the emulsion–evaporation approach were not uniform and tended to aggregate (data not shown), while the nanoparticles

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• hydrogels is not well reported. In this study, nanomakura-shaped anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNMs) were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted seed-mediated protocol. Quaternary cationic surfactants having variable carbon tail length (n = 16, 14, 12) were used as capping for tuning the plasmon peak of

• photothermal conversion was exclusively assigned to morphological features (i.e., nanoparticles of higher aspect ratio showed higher temperature change and vice versa irrespective of the surfactant used). To enable biofunctionality and stability, we used kappa-carrageenan- (k-CG) based hydrogels for

• -AuNM > MTAB-AuNM > DTAB-AuNM. However, the inflection point at 520–530 nm is similar for all three nanoparticle types with different capping. Table 1 clearly shows the positive zeta potential indicating a positive charge on the hydrodynamic surface which is well known in the case of surfactant-capped

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• structures on top of surfactant-free gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles after adding polyynes, while Zhang et al. performed ablation of silver in acetone with long-term storage, which resulted in shape alteration, size separation, and changes in the carbon shells. As such, molecular hydrocarbons with

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• the most important soft-magnetic ferrite materials because of its ferromagnetic properties, high magnetic and thermal stability, low conductivity, and anisotropy [6]. The controllable synthesis of spherical CF nanoparticles from corresponding salts and Arabic gum as surfactant agent using a

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• , after depositing NWs onto a substrate, heat treatment at temperatures around a few hundred degrees Celsius is often employed to eliminate the surfactant used during synthesis [18][19]. The melting temperature of silver is 962 °C, which is significantly higher than the temperatures required to remove

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• to form hydrogen bonds. The DES acts as a surfactant helping to stabilize Ag NPs. The rod-like appearance with 122.6 nm average length and small crystals on the surface of Ag NPs crucially contribute to strengthening the LSPR phenomenon thanks to the lightning rod effect [42]. As reported by other

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• : (1) nanoliposomes, which are a nanoscale bilayer lipid vesicle [132]; (2) nanocapsules, which consist of an inner aqueous core surrounded by a nontoxic polymeric membrane [133]; (3) solid lipid nanoparticles, which consist of a solid lipid core stabilized by a surfactant [134]; and (4) nanocrystals

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• the cumulative dose of BNZ would reduce its toxicity without losing effectiveness [48], BNZ has recently been formulated as nanocrystals (NCs). The solubility of BNZ formulated as nanocrystals prepared by nanoprecipitation using the non-ionic surfactant poloxamer 188 as a stabilizer (BNZ-NC) was

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• approach employing 3% PVA as the surfactant was suitable for encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles, CHL, and IR780, which created stable nanoparticles with the desired size. Additionally, it was documented that nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic size above 100 nm are incapable of traversing the endothelium

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• agent and SDS as a surfactant. About 80 g of HANR (60% DRC) was incubated with 80 g of water containing 1.6 g of SDS and 0.16 g of urea for 1 h before the 1st centrifugation at 10,000 rpm at 15 °C for 30 min. The cream recovered after centrifugation was redispersed in 80 g of water containing 0.8 g SDS

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• HLB, one can obtain the nanoemulsion with the smallest droplet size, leading to more stable formulations [20]. The rHLB is usually determined by preparing NEs with different ratios of surfactant blends and choosing the most stable formulation to determine the rHLB of the oil phase [21

• the best ratio between two surfactants, one more lipophilic and one more hydrophilic, which will be necessary to obtain a stable NE [18]. The rHLB of myrcene and cymene was determined using a mixture of Span 80 (lipophilic) and Tween 20 (surfactant). At a time of 24 h after preparation, formulations

• parameters throughout the analyzed period (60 days) (Table 1). For this reason, the formulation with HLB 15 was the formulation chosen as the rHLB of cymene. After 24 h, the myrcene formulations with lower HLB values (10–11), that is, a greater amount of the surfactant (Tween 20) plus lipophilic (Span 80

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• concentration for further experiments. During the freeze-drying process, BSA/PDA NPs acted as surfactant and were located around water droplets when the water was rapidly sublimated, which resulted in the formation of a foam (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a). After freeze-drying, the foam could be

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• delivering active principles [19]. SLNs comprise a lipid core, solid at 25 °C, stabilized by steric effects with a surfactant. The addition of small amounts of a liquid lipid at 25 °C leads to the improvement of SLNs in terms of sustained drug release and encapsulation efficiency (EE%), enabling the

• , which could be referred to the melting points of the lipid and the surfactant, respectively. This suggests that no other endothermic changes occur to the formulation constituents or its load during the high-energy sonication procedure. A peak matching the phase transition peak of BNZ did not appear in

• bulk material, considering the disarrangement caused by the incorporation of the drug and the surfactant. For that reason, it might require less energy to melt in comparison to the pure crystalline substance [25]. Thermogravimetric curves of myristyl myristate, poloxamer 188, and BNZ showed one thermal

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• of nanoparticles. Ag NPs were created by reducing AgNO3 solution with NaBH4 as a reducing agent and TCD as a stabilizer [43][44]. Mineral oil served as a continuous phase when combined with the surfactant Span 80 (2% w/v). To prevent droplets from coalescing in the microchannel, Span 80 was added to

• syringe pumps (NE-300 InfusionONE Syginge Pump, USA) were used to inject mineral oil mixed with the surfactant Span 80 (2% w/v), solution (a), and solution (b) into the droplet-based microfluidic system at flow rates of 20 and 80 µL·min−1, respectively. The as-synthesized colloidal solution of Ag NPs was

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• low-energy methods (also called thermodynamic methods [5]) overcome this energy barrier by producing low interfacial tensions, changes in the surfactant layer curvature, or gradients of chemical potential between the phases. Herein, we focus on nanoemulsification by low-energy methods. The two main

• ] proceeds at constant temperature (Figure 1b). Here, the change in the curvature of the surfactant layer from negative to positive or vice versa is driven by the addition of water (which increases POE hydration) to a mixture of oil + surfactant to produce an O/W nanoemulsion [14]. Under continued dilution

• . Moreover, the composition-driven phase inversion can occur using nonionic or ionic surfactants, which adds flexibility to the process. Low-energy nanoemulsions can also be produced by processes that do not involve any phase inversion (i.e., any change in the sign of surfactant curvature), such as self

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• solution of sodium cholate (SC) at 6 mg/mL, previously employed in the literature [11]. SC is a bile salt ionic surfactant widely employed in LPE [6][19][20][21]. While it is less toxic than other organic compounds usually employed for the same purpose, such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), it is expensive

• talc, we also added less talc powder to the solution, to keep the ratio constant. We also tested the nonionic surfactant Triton-X100. Besides the absence of charged groups, compared to SC, Triton-X100 is also less expensive, although not environmentally friendly either. Finally, we tested an organic

• the talc concentration was also diminished to keep the mass ratio between surfactant and talc constant, the effect must be due to the surfactant arrangement (i.e., the presence or absence of molecular aggregates) and a higher relative amount of dispersion medium (the water-to-talc ratio is larger in

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• carbon nanotube geometries remain one of the paramount technological challenges for their potential applications [2][5][8][9][10]. The noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes promotes their individualization due to hydrophobic interactions between nanotubes and surfactant molecules that also

• performance in both individualization and chirality separation of carbon nanotubes, excessive surfactant concentrations are usually required for their complete individualization [2][8][11]. Such excess subsequently introduces an additional step of surfactant removal to recover the SWCNTs in a pristine state

• another class of biomolecules that can be potentially utilized as a surfactant for dispersing SWCNTs. Having relatively low solubility in water, flavins are generally innocuous for living cells. Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is a precursor of such coenzymes as flavin mononucleotide phosphate and

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• appears to be the primary problem and requires the addition of a co-solvent and/or a surfactant (ethanol/polysorbate 80) to the formulations [32][36]. However, results such as acute hypersensitivity reactions and decreased clinical efficacy have been reported due to auxiliary components such as Cremophor

• method, the organic and aqueous phase were prepared separately. First, the organic phase was prepared by dissolving 2% (w/v) PLGA and 20 mg docetaxel in 10 mL ethyl acetate. 25 mL of aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving the non-ionic surfactant PVA at a concentration of 2% and CS at a concentration

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• surfactant-free hydrothermal technique [55]. According to the results, the pH value has a significant impact on shape, surface area, particle size, and V–O bond length. The grain size was reduced when the pH value was raised, and the crystal structure became more closely stacked. Under visible-light

• simple hydrothermal synthesis for preparing 2D BiOCl nanosheets [83]. This was accomplished by altering the pH value of the precursor solution and using of dulcitol (C6H14O6) as surfactant. The pH value substantially influenced the thickness of the nanosheets and the fraction of exposed (001) facets. The

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• future considerations, the system under observation should be modified with surfactants to increase stability for longer time periods, as systems without surfactant show agglomeration after a short time. Hence, this causes system destabilisation and creates sedimentation. Finally, surface modification of