Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• microscope. (a) Ventral view of tibia (Ti) and tarsus (Ta) showing the tibial grooming devices (arrows) located on the medial side of the tibia. C, claws. (b) Detail of a grooming device emerging from a well-developed socket (S). (c) Detail of the grooming devices observed from the ventral side of the leg

• (arrow) on the tibial surface. (g) Percentage of contaminated area on the eyes after cleaning of intact and ablated damselflies. The asterisk indicates a significant difference at p < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney rank sum test). (h) Tarsus (Ta) and tibia (Ti) with the tibial grooming devices (arrow) collecting

• pink powder. (i) Tarsus (Ta) and tibia (Ti) of an ablated damselfly. Note that some pink powder (arrow) is visible in correspondence of the grooming devices. (j, k) Intact damselfly with antennae contaminated by pink powder, just contaminated (j) and after (k) 10 min. Mouthparts of Ischnura elegans

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• Omur Acet Pavel Kirsanov Burcu Onal Acet Inessa Halets-Bui Dzmitry Shcharbin Seyda Ceylan Comert Mehmet Odabasi Vocational School of Health Science, Pharmacy Services Program, Tarsus University, Tarsus, Turkey Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• the morphology of the tarsus and the attachment pads differ between younger and older animals? Materials and Methods 1 Animals and experimental conditions Two groups of 15 adult females per group of Sungaya aeta Hennemann, 2023 (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae, Figure 1) were selected from laboratory

• autofluorescence of the cuticle [50]. The samples were prepared the same way as for WFM imaging (see section 6). One tarsus per respective age group was examined (subadult, freshly molted adult, young, and old). The ZEN2008 software (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) was used to generate maximum intensity

• of the cases (Figure 4B–D), whereas the degree of deflation in euplantulae differed depending on how distal the particular euplantula was situated on the tarsus (Figure 4C,D). Overall, the extent of deflation varied across the specimens and tarsi of the same animal. However, the deflation was

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• various insect groups (for example, Coleoptera [5], Hemiptera [41], Diptera [42][43], Orthoptera [5][20][44], and Blattodea [45]), knowledge on the differences in the internal ultrastructure and fluid transportation between different types of smooth attachment pads located on the same tarsus is scarce

• min, and then transferred to glycerine. To analyse the entire tarsus, it was directly transferred onto a glass slide and mounted with a coverslip (thickness = 0.170 ± 0.005 mm, refractive index = 1.52550 ± 0.00015, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). For the cross sections of arolium and

• sclerotization degree, green – the medium one, and blue – the lowest one (see Figure 1B). Micro-computed tomography A whole tarsus of an adult female M. extradentata was cut off at the base of the tibia, directly fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS, and washed in PBS. For the preparation of the µCT scan, the

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• branches. Data on the dimension and aspect ratio given here for this plant species are related only to the branches, which are usually exposed to the environment, but not to the whole tubules. Attachment organs of the Chrysolina fastuosa male beetle General morphology The tarsus of C. fastuosa possesses

• ) and 1 μm (c, e, f, i). SEM micrographs of attachment organs of a Chrysolina fastuosa male beetle. (a) Tarsus with pretarsus, dorso-lateral view. (b) The first (basal) proximal tarsomere (T1), ventral view. CL, claw; S1, setae with discoidal tips; S2, setae with pointed tips; T1-T3, three proximal

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• Kayhan Dagidir Kemal Bilen Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.14.86 Abstract In this study, the use of nanolubricants containing Al2O3, graphene, and carbon

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• the tarsus orientation. The optical appearance of the scale system of Ae. albopictus has a complex nature and can be explained by the combination of several effects. Among them, multiple refraction and reflection on the micro- and nanostructures of the scales are mainly responsible for the white

• nanostructures of the scales on the tarsi of Ae. albopictus appears bright and is angle-dependent since the reflected light changes according to the angle detection and according to the tarsus orientation (from the proximal direction, from the distal direction, and perpendicular to the tarsus main axis). Optical

• using a TEM Philips EM 208 (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Reflectance spectra measurements The light scattering spectra from the white areas on the proximal parts of the hind leg tarsus of Ae. albopictus male were measured at different orientations of the light source relative to the leg and at

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• , Science Park 1, Saarbrücken, Germany Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000 Kohat, Pakistan 10.3762/bjnano.13.68 Abstract Tuning the elastic properties of

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• originating from the tarsus itself (Figure 2) and occur in different groups of insects. They are common in Coleoptera (e.g., [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]), Dermaptera (e.g., [96]), Megaloptera [1][97][98], Strepsiptera [1][99], Mantophasmatodea [2][59

• , such attachment pads, similarly to the hairy ones, are ventrally located on the tarsus (e.g., euplantulae) or at the pretasus (e.g., single arolia or paired pulvilli). In some cases, attachment structures are present on the tibia as well [1][66][109][123][124][125]. Smooth attachment pads are found in

• independently evolved at least two times [118]. In some groups, a combination of the two types is found on the tarsus (e.g., smooth arolia and hairy soles or hairy euplantulae in Mantophasmatodea [2][59], Tipulidae (Diptera) [1][60][177][178], Plecoptera [1][179] and Lepidoptera [1][180][181][182][183

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• calculations based on N2 at 77 K on carbon with slit pores. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done with a Netzsch TG 209 F3 Tarsus device equipped with an Al crucible applying a heating rate of 10 K/min under inert atmosphere. Elemental analyses (CHN) were performed with a Perkin Elmer 2400 apparatus. Flame

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• . Our results suggest that even subtle differences in the adhesion-mediating secretion in closely related species might result in qualitative performance shifts. Keywords: adhesion; friction; Insecta; locomotion; tarsus; Introduction Although mostly ground dwelling [1], burying beetles (Silphidae) of

• ., being either hydrophilic (treated with plasma) or hydrophobic (treated with antispread). The data were compared between and within the species. The within-species comparisons were conducted between the different surface properties such as roughness and wettability. Results Tarsus morphology At its

• ). The smaller N. vespilloides shows a similar pattern (fore tarsus length: 2472 ± 339 µm, width: 320 ± 29 to 645 ± 136 µm, middle and hind tarsi length: 3763 ± 445 and 3768 ± 493 µm, width: min. 343 ± 45 µm T4 and max. 425 ± 45 µm T1 hind tarsi; measured in four males and four females). In N

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• images were calibrated with Debye–Scherrer patterns recorded from a gold reference sample (S106, Plano GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Thermogravimetric analysis: TGA was performed with Netzsch TG 209 F3 Tarsus equipped with an Al crucible by using a heating rate of 10 K·min−1. Electrochemical measurements: The

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• the adhesive secretion contributes to the total adhesive performance of an intact insect tarsus with respect to diverse surface regimes. For effective locomotion, the adhesive and/or cohesive forces must be held at a moderate level to enable the rapid and effortless re-release of the tarsal surface

• after contact formation. In the wet adhesive systems of insect tarsi, adhesive stresses (tenacities) measured without shear range between 1.1 and 7 kPa [47]. These values have been determined in intact tarsi and are the result of the combined properties of the viscoelastic tarsus cuticle together with

Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)

• Lars Heepe,
• Jonas O. Wolff and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1322–1329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.123

• hairy attachment devices of C. septempunctata. The tarsus is composed of three tarsomeres and two ventrally curved claws (Figure 1B–D,H–J). Only the first two tarsomeres (T1 and T2 in Figure 1) are ventrally covered by tenent setae. Different types of tarsal adhesive setae were distinguished: (1) setae

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

• Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

• . These terminal elements can vary in shape and size, even within one tarsus or between the sexes of one species [23]. Recently it has been shown that in beetles the setae show a decreasing stiffness of the cuticle towards the tip of the setae [24]. Similar “hairy” structures can be found in many other

Insect attachment on crystalline bioinspired wax surfaces formed by alkanes of varying chain lengths

• Elena Gorb,
• Sandro Böhm,
• Nadine Jacky,
• Louis-Philippe Maier,
• Kirstin Dening,
• Sasha Pechook,
• Boaz Pokroy and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1031–1041, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.116

• apparent contact angle of water, which were very close to those measured on plant surfaces bearing three-dimensional waxes (e.g., [49][50][51]). The tarsal attachment system of the C. septempunctata beetle used in this study has been previously described in detail by Gorb et al. [52]. The tarsus bears two

• thickness (b), mean roughness Ra (c), and root mean square of roughness r.m.s. (d). Lines indicate linear regressions. SEM micrographs of tarsal attachment devices in the male beetle Coccinella septempunctata: tarsus of the foreleg (a) and different types of tenent setae (b–e). Arrow in (a) shows the distal

Impact of cell shape in hierarchically structured plant surfaces on the attachment of male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

• Bettina Prüm,
• Robin Seidel,
• Holger Florian Bohn and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 57–64, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.7

• used as a model insect species. This leaf beetle has frequently been used as model insect species for traction experiments and its attachment devices have been well analysed [8][13][29][30]. The tarsus (Figure 3) consists of five tarsomeres, with tarsomeres 1–3 being covered with setae of four

The effect of surface anisotropy in the slippery zone of Nepenthes alata pitchers on beetle attachment

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 302–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.35

• epidermal cells due to the drying process. The tarsus of the C. septempunctata beetle ends distally with two ventrally curved claws having tip diameters of 3.7 ± 0.64 μm (N = 10, Figure 3). Attachment pads belong to the hairy type of locomotory organs in insects. Pads and types of adhesive setae in this

• tarsus in the Coccinella septempunctata beetle. Inset shows magnified claw tip, where the white inscribed circle was used to measure the diameter of the claw tip. CL: claws; D: diameter of the claw tip. Scale bar = 50 μm. Scale bar of the inset = 5 μm. Results of traction force tests with Coccinella