Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• applications such as magnetic hyperthermia, where NPs are used in cancer therapy to induce localized heating when exposed to an alternating magnetic field [34]. However, producing CCAs at the nanoscale presents significant challenges. Traditional wet chemistry approaches often fail because of elemental

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• -powered PDs, as opposed to conventional PDs, are well suited to operate in challenging environments and their applications and benefits in fields such as wireless environmental sensing, chemical and biosensing, in situ medical-therapy monitoring are explained in detail by Xu et al. in their review [34

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• prescribed in DM therapy, they can result in limited efficacy and cause various adverse reactions such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, and lactic acidosis [3], which vary according to the hypoglycemic agent used and the patient’s individual response. As an alternative to conventional DM treatments

• , the microemulsion containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil has emerged as a promising innovative therapy for the treatment of liver damage resulting from diabetes mellitus. However, more studies, especially human clinical trials, are needed to validate its long-term efficacy and better understand

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• and differentiation to repair damaged neural tissue [171]. They are also widely used for cancer treatments such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy, where light activation creates heat or reactive oxygen species to severely damage and kill cancer cells while reducing the harm done to healthy

• growth [175]. Zhou et al. focused on the fabrication of a novel composite membrane suitable for photothermal cancer therapy based on black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets because of their high biocompatibility and photothermal efficacy. SF was used as an exfoliating agent in stable liquid exfoliation with

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• amyloid oligomers has garnered significant attention over time, primarily because of three key observations related to drug candidates for AD therapy. These observations are (i) ineffectiveness of plaque-targeting therapies, that is, therapeutic agents that focus solely on the removal of amyloid plaques

• ) enhance imaging sensitivity because of their distinct electrical or photoluminescent properties. For treatment, NPs can serve as drug carriers, improving delivery across the BBB and reducing side effects. Their large surface area allows for controlled drug release and targeted therapy, enhancing treatment

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• optimise ASO-based therapeutics for more precise and effective disease treatments. Keywords: antisense oligonucleotides; enhanced delivery; gene transfection; intracellular uptake; locked nucleic acid (LNA); nanoparticles; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); personalised therapy; phosphorodiamidate morpholino

• systems for cancer therapy, Kim et al. employed PLL in the synthesis of dually stabilised triblock copolymer micelles for the systemic delivery of phosphorothioate ASOs (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 lncRNA-targeted ASO (MALAT1-ASO) and GL3 luciferase-targeted ASO (GL3-ASO

• effective complexation with ASOs and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, while these high-generation DPLs exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, complexation with ASOs was shown to reduce toxicity, making them a promising vehicle for gene therapy applications. Confocal microscopy further confirmed the ability

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• system. The reason for choosing this peptide as a model drug was that there is ongoing research for the use of peptide-based therapeutics for the treatment of diseases; however, development of oral peptide therapy is quite challenging because of the high acidity in the stomach and the presence of the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• photodynamic therapy can be obtained [1][2][3][4][5]. It has been shown that CNs have an anti-amyloid aggregation activity, and some of them (i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) are able to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits and play an important role in the modulation of neurobiological

• ischemic stroke [26] and photodynamic and photothermal therapy of brain tumors [27]. Brain tumors are characterized by very high morbidity and mortality rates; among them, the most frequent primary tumors are malignant gliomas, representing more than 80% of all brain tumors, of which more than 40% are

• applied. The standard of care includes surgical resection followed by combined chemo- and radiotherapy (RT), together with non-conventional adjuvant treatment with inhibitors targeting one or a family of biomarkers included in signalization or activation of oncogenic pathways, immunotherapy, gene therapy

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• nanomaterials, particularly well-suited for the transparent tissues of the eye, have emerged as a potential game changer. These materials enable precise and controllable photothermal therapy by effectively manipulating the distribution of the thermal field. Moreover, they extend beyond the conventional

• boundaries of thermal therapy, achieving unparalleled therapeutic effects through their diverse composite structures and demonstrating enormous potential in promoting retinal drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the structure–activity relationship between

• clinical adoption of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and laser therapy [3][4]. Despite these strides, challenges remain in effectively addressing complex ophthalmic issues, particularly in underprivileged areas where high costs associated with precision optical diagnostics and advanced drug

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• . Furthermore, it is worth to mention that a small ligand that presents such a strong ability to compact DNA can easily find applications in fields such as drug delivery and gene therapy. Atomic force microscopy In Figure 3 we show typical images of the complexes formed between DNA and the rare earths obtained

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ]. Strategies for manipulating macrophage activation and function are diverse, ranging from depleting macrophages in diseased tissues, such as in cancer immunotherapy [9][10][11], to employing non-surgical treatments like extracorporeal shock wave therapy in various rheumatic diseases to promote resolution and

• well as the type and stage of the patient’s disease, thus restricting precise delivery [1]. 3.1 Systemic administration and biological barriers challenges One of the primary challenges of NC therapy is overcoming biological barriers following systemic administration, which remains the most common

• the context. In cancer therapy, reprogramming M2 macrophages into M1 enhances antitumor immunity, while in chronic inflammatory diseases, shifting from M1 to M2 facilitates inflammation resolution and tissue repair. This modulation can be achieved using small molecules, cytokines, or nanotechnology to

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . Noteworthy antiproliferative effects were observed against HT-29 cells at lesser concentrations (54.16%), with an IC50 value of 15.6 μg/μL [22], substantiating the potential of the NPs in cancer research and therapy. The synthesized ZnO NPs also underwent photocatalytic and electrochemical analyses

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• targeting specificity. Biomimetic nanocarriers demonstrate significant advancements in drug delivery systems against cancer therapy, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Here, we address the therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanocarriers and their promising

• drug delivery in cancer therapy has been extensively studied in the pursuit of biocompatible components with high specificity. In this context, the integration of synthetic compounds such as nanoparticles with natural components, including membranes from various cell types (e.g., erythrocytes

• chemodynamical therapy (CDT): the high presence of reducing species (GSH) inhibit the therapeutic effects of CDT in tumors [78]. By releasing metal cations in the early stages to consume the reducing substances, these nanocarriers enhance therapeutic efficacy of CDT. This mechanism has also been applied to

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• , biochemistry, biophysics, and other disciplines within biology and medicine [1][2][3][4][5]. The development of nanotechnology has provided resources for various applications in the medical field, leading to significant advances in diagnosis, biological detection, therapy, and drug delivery [6][7][8][9]. An

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• therapeutic efficacy [44]. The development of PLHNPs for phytochemical delivery holds significant promise across various biomedical applications. PLHNPs can be utilized in cancer therapy, cardiovascular disease management, neurodegenerative disorder treatment, and other areas of medicine where phytochemicals

• in cancer therapy. This targeted delivery can increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs while reducing side effects by minimizing off-target effects [61][62]. For instance, Garg et al. fabricated fucose ligand-decorated PLHNPs for the co-delivery of methotrexate and aceclofenac to achieve targeted

• and lipid-based carriers, providing stability, biocompatibility, and efficient drug encapsulation. Applications of stimuli-responsive PLHNPs are vast and impactful. In cancer therapy, they are used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to tumor sites, where the acidic microenvironment or

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• progress in clinical trials [141][142] although only a limited amount of the CD20 antibodies can cross the BBB. This can be attributed to their large size and degradation-prone nature [143][144]. In addition, therapy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) is also considered a powerful tool for modulating gene

• oligomeric chitosan for the co-delivery of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and the monoclonal antibody cetuximab to the brain for glioblastoma therapy. The cetuximab conjugation on the NP surface improved the cytotoxicity profile, and a chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay showed enhanced antiangiogenic

• effects for the mAbs-conjugated NPs. The authors showed that mucoadhesive NPs with enhanced antiangiogenic effects could be a good candidate [154]. In another study examining glioblastoma therapy via the antibody conjugation strategy, Chu et al. reported on ephrin type-A receptor 3 (EPHA3) tyrosine kinase

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• contrast ratio of tumor to normal tissue was higher for AuNC-MPA-cRGD-AS1411, reaching a value of 7.2 compared to 5.4 for AuNC-MPA-cRGD. This finding indicates that the dual-targeted particles had superior tumor-targeting ability. Furthermore, enhanced tumor therapy was demonstrated in a mouse tumor model

• signaling axis plays a crucial role in cancer development by facilitating the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and recruiting immunosuppressive cells, thus representing a significant opportunity for targeted therapy [160]. Results from a mouse model of TNBC showed improved tumor uptake of 64Cu

• illustration of targeted AuNCs and their binding selectivity to PSMA-positive (PC3pip) over PSMA-negative (PC3flu) prostate cancer cell. (B) Illustration of intravenous injection of AuNCs, highlighting improved targeting levels and enhanced radiation therapy in PSMA-expressing tumors. (C) Tumor growth curves

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• ” and “Doxil”. The non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin Myocet liposomal was approved in the European Union and in Canada for the therapy of metastatic breast cancer in combination with cyclophosphamide [5][6]. The FDA approved Doxil [4]. It was found that liposome-encapsulated DOX is less cardiotoxic

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• C60 [21]. The unmodified fullerene C60 is known as a “free radical sponge” because its double bonds tend to accept free radicals [22]. Because of its size, surface area, and capacity to extinguish or generate reactive oxygen species, C60 is very promising in medicine and clinical therapy [23][24]. It

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• played an important role in the enhancement of therapeutic outcomes compared to those of conventional therapy. At the same time, nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer a significant reduction in side effects of treatments by lowering the off-target biodistribution of the active pharmaceutical

• the activation of HSCs is the most important strategy in liver fibrosis therapy. It includes both inhibition of HSC proliferation and of pro-fibrogenic cytokine and growth factor secretion. In the last few years, the research on interferon γ (IFNγ), the angiotensin II-receptor antagonist Losartan

• progression. Among the various molecular mechanisms causing liver fibrosis, activation of HSCs is considered a central link. This is because of the dominant contribution of activated HSCs in ECM production, making HSC activation a preferred target for antifibrotic therapy [67]. In any of the aforementioned

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• alginate-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications and the food industry [33]. Another study on alginate-based nanoparticles described the synthesis and characterizations of nanoparticles and their applications to drug delivery, tissue engineering, and gene therapy [34]. Other recent review papers

• therapy [78]. Alginate-based fully natural nanoparticles were developed and used for cancer treatment. Pakistani scientists investigated amygdalin in an alginate–chitosan-based matrix [79]. Amygdalin is a natural material and it has very strong anticancerous activity. Scientists achieved over 90% drug

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• , biosensors have been extensively utilized in the field of medical sciences and clinical diagnostics [14]. They have been employed in cancer diagnosis [15], cardiovascular studies [16], and diabetes monitoring [17]. The application of biosensors in cancer diagnosis and therapy is very important due to the

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• ). Additionally, the F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles exhibited a lower IC50 value against cancer cells than non-targeted F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the developed F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles hold promise as a theragnostic system for targeted cancer therapy

• ) (PLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), has been employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles for cancer diagnostics and therapy because of its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability [1][2][3]. PLGA nanoparticles can be prepared via a variety of techniques, including single emulsion, double

• on the half-life of nanoparticles that are currently in circulation. The optimal nanoparticle size for cancer therapy was observed to vary between 50 and 200 nm [39][40]. In our study, the nanoparticles were tailored for in vivo drug administration; thus, our nanoparticle size was suitable for use in

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• )/hydroxyapatite in orthopedics [1][2]. Biocompatible polymers are widely used in biomedical fields, such as stents, drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, bone repair, dentistry, joint prostheses, and tissue engineering [2][3][4][5][6]. Polymers have several advantageous properties for these applications as

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• , electrochemical sensors, and photothermal therapy (PTT) [5]. These technologies are based on the principle of elastic scattering properties of metal nanoparticles and on the shift in the plasmon band, which is more prominent in the case of anisotropic nanoparticles in comparison to isotropic ones [6]. Several

• purposes. Also, gold nanoparticles possess an intrinsic capacity to liberate heat upon irradiation of NIR/IR lasers making them a suitable candidate for photothermal therapy (PTT). Previous studies reported morphology-dependent heat liberation in gold nanoparticles where anisotropic particles (gold

• potential to exhibit photothermal conversion which has been manifested for their application in minimal-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT). The photothermal conversion is known to be significantly governed by LSPR where the state/milieu of the nanoparticles can play an important role [18]. Significant