Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction

• Ananda Herath and
• Nicholas D. P. Cosford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 239–246, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.26

• single-step liquid–liquid microextraction unit to remove high boiling point polar solvents and impurities and provides the target compounds in high purity with excellent overall yields. Keywords: imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazole; liquid–liquid extraction module

• ; microreactor; 1,2,4-oxadiazole; Introduction The design and execution of scalable and economically viable processes for the preparation of biologically active small molecules is a major hurdle in modern organic synthesis. The development of batch processes that combine multiple reactions into “one-pot” have

• , three-microreactor method for the highly efficient preparation of a diverse library of imidazo-oxadiazole derivatives. Moreover, this continuous-flow method was successfully combined with a single-step liquid–liquid microextraction unit to remove high boiling point polar solvents and impurities. Results

Sydnone C-4 heteroarylation with an indolizine ring via Chichibabin indolizine synthesis

• Florin Albota,
• Mino R. Caira,
• Constantin Draghici,
• Florea Dumitrascu and
• Denisa E. Dumitrescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2503–2510, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.245

• have been the subject of various reviews [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Sydnones 3 are mesoionic heterocyclic compounds with a 1,2,3-oxadiazole skeleton and their chemistry and biological properties are well represented and documented in the literature [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The most

Stereo- and regioselectivity of the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of nitroso derivatives with conjugated dienes

• Lucie Brulíková,
• Aidan Harrison,
• Marvin J. Miller and
• Jan Hlaváč

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1949–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.184

• -ethyl-2-oxazoline in methanol [69]. Additionally, acylnitroso compounds can be generated by the rearrangement of diazonitroalkanes 26 [70], the photochemical cleavage of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-4-oxides 25 [71] and the cycloreversion of 9,10-dimethylantracene adducts 27 (Scheme 7) [72][73]. Dienes: There is a

Effective in silico prediction of new oxazolidinone antibiotics: force field simulations of the antibiotic–ribosome complex supervised by experiment and electronic structure methods

• Jörg Grunenberg and
• Giuseppe Licari

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 415–428, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.45

• against a variety of bacterial strains, in line with a simulated enthalpic penalty of +8.8 kJ/mol. It has been suggested by Palumbo Piccionello et al., that, though the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring is isosteric with the oxazolidinone ring and possesses similar hydrogen bond acceptors sites, the lack of

• contains a NH2 group that is able to form a weak H-bond, its amidic character and the lack of a chiral center leads to a side chain orientation parallel to the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring, changing the overall binding mode in comparison with linezolid, and by this decreasing the overall binding affinity. Our

• 2 and 3, the morpholine ring was replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole ring [44]. Whereas 2 maintains the linezolid C5 side chain, compound 3 is substituted by a imidazole-1-yl. With its MIC value of 2 mg/L compound 2 seems to be comparable (or even more effective against the MRSA 433 strain, see

C–H bond halogenation catalyzed or mediated by copper: an overview

• Wenyan Hao and
• Yunyun Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2132–2144, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.230

• and 2-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole were smoothly iodinated to provide iodoheteroarenes 18 (Scheme 10) [45]. As typical electron-enriched arenes, phenols and analogous arenes tend to undergo a single-electron transfer process [46], the property of these arenes also resulted in sound attention to their C–H

3-Glucosylated 5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles: synthesis and evaluation as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors

• Marion Donnier-Maréchal,
• David Goyard,
• Vincent Folliard,
• Tibor Docsa,
• Pal Gergely,
• Jean-Pierre Praly and
• Sébastien Vidal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 499–503, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.56

• catalytic site has been accomplished through various families of glucose-based derivatives such as oxadiazoles. Further elaboration of the oxadiazole aromatic aglycon moiety is now reported with 3-glucosyl-5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles synthesized by condensation of a C-glucosyl amidoxime with N,N

• ’-dialkylcarbodiimides or Vilsmeier salts. The 5-amino group introduced on the oxadiazole scaffold was expected to provide better inhibition of GP through potential additional interactions with the enzyme’s catalytic site; however, no inhibition was observed at 625 µM. Keywords: amidoxime; carbodiimide; glycogen

• phosphorylase; oxadiazole; Vilsmeier salt; Introduction Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a homodimeric enzyme that is responsible for the depolymerization of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, which is further converted into glucose delivered into the blood stream [1][2]. The control of GP activity could find

Novel biphenyl-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole ferroelectric liquid crystals: synthesis and characterization

• Mahabaleshwara Subrao,
• Dakshina Murthy Potukuchi,
• Girish Sharada Ramachandra,
• Poornima Bhagavath,
• Sangeetha G. Bhat and
• Srinivasulu Maddasani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 233–241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.26

• , Bangalore - 560 099, India Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University: Kakinada, Kakinada - 533 003, India 10.3762/bjoc.11.26 Abstract Two novel series of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole viz., R.Ox.C*Cn compounds are synthesized and

• characterized. An optically active, (S)-(+)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate is used to introduce a chiral center in the molecule. A biphenyl moiety prepared by Suzuki coupling reaction is directly attached to the oxadiazole core at C-5 position. Investigations for the phase behavior revealed that the series

• with a benzyl group on one end of the oxadiazole core exhibits an 1D orthogonal smectic-A phase while the second series with dodecyl flexible end chain shows orthogonal smectic-A and tilted chiral smectic-C (SmC*) phases over a wide range of temperatures. The smectic-C phase exhibits ferroelectric (FE

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

Synthesis of new, highly luminescent bis(2,2’-bithiophen-5-yl) substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole

• Anastasia S. Kostyuchenko,
• Vyacheslav L.Yurpalov,
• Aleksandra Kurowska,
• Wojciech Domagala,
• Adam Pron and
• Alexander S. Fisyuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1596–1602, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.165

• synthetic approach towards the preparation of functionalised, soluble, donor–acceptor (DA) alkylbithiophene derivatives of oxadiazole, thiadiazole and triazole is reported. Taking advantage of the Fiesselmann reaction, reactive bithiophene synthons having alkyl or alkoxy substituents at designated positions

• are prepared. Following a synthetic strategy, featuring the bottom-up approach, sequential structural elements are built, starting from a simple thiophene compound, until the target molecule is obtained, all in good yield. Supplementing the well established methods of oxadiazole and thiadiazole

• functionalised oligothiophenes, coupled to other heteroaromatic cores. Keywords: bithiophene; donor–acceptor; luminescence; 1,3,4-oxadiazole; 1,3,4-thiadiazole; 4H-1,2,4-triazole; Introduction In the past two decades oligo- and polythiophenes gained a significant research interest due to their wide application

Synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic organic peroxides: Key transformations into peroxide ring-retaining products

• Alexander O. Terent'ev,
• Dmitry A. Borisov,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Valery M. Dembitsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 34–114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.6

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

• pyridine containing lead compounds is to commonly replace the ring with a bioisostere such as a methylisoxazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole [11][12] or various diazines [13][14]. This strategy is based mainly upon a desire to avoid potential late stage toxicology issues which as indicated have arisen in the

• important pyrimidine-based anti-HIV drug which was launched by Merck in 2008 [89]. Structurally, this HIV-integrase inhibitor consists of a fully substituted pyrimidone core flanked by an oxadiazole ring as well as an additional terminal para-fluorobenzyl unit. The central pyrimidone core was accessed in a

• corresponding acid chloride of oxadiazole derivative 3.23. This particular oxadiazole 3.23 was prepared via a clever sequence involving acylation of methyl tetrazole (3.24) with ethyl oxalylchloride (3.25) to form intermediate 3.26 which when heated extrudes nitrogen gas and subsequently collapses to the

Synthesis and characterization of novel bioactive 1,2,4-oxadiazole natural product analogs bearing the N-phenylmaleimide and N-phenylsuccinimide moieties

• Catalin V. Maftei,
• Elena Fodor,
• Peter G. Jones,
• M. Heiko Franz,
• Gerhard Kelter,
• Heiner Fiebig and
• Ion Neda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.259

• natural products containing a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring in their structure (quisqualic acid and phidianidines A and B), the natural product analogs 1-(4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (4) and 1-(4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (7) were

• heterocyclic 1,2,4-oxadiazole motif is of synthetic and pharmacological interest. It also forms an important constituent of biologically active compounds including natural products [1]. Sawyer et al. have described such compounds as bioisosteres for amides and esters [2], with the 1,2,4-oxadiazoles showing

• higher hydrolytic and metabolic stability. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few examples of natural products with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core or a structure based on it. The 3-substituted indole alkaloids, phidianidines A and B (Figure 1), have been isolated by Carbone et al. from the aeolid

Amyloid-β probes: Review of structure–activity and brain-kinetics relationships

• Todd J. Eckroat,
• Abdelrahman S. Mayhoub and
• Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1012–1044, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.116

• resulted in a variety of radiolabeled molecular probes for in vivo PET/SPECT imaging. The scaffolds from which these newer radiolabeled probes are derived include chalcone (5) and its conformationally restricted analogues flavone (6) and aurone (7); stilbene (8) and its analogues diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole

• (9) and diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (10); and thioflavin-T analogues such as benzothiazole (11), benzoxazole (12), benzofuran (13), imidazopyridine (14), and benzimidazole (15); as well as quinoline (16) and naphthalene (17) derivatives (Figure 1B). In this review, we provide an overview of these AD

• -1,2,4-oxadiazole analogue 51c was more lipophilic than its 1,3,4 counterpart 50a (log P = 3.22 for 51c and 2.43 for 50a) [47]. In general, even though 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 51a–e show excellent affinity for Aβ aggregates in in vitro binding experiments (Ki = 4.3–47.1 nM), they show poorer brain

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of novel phenotypic probes targeting the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway

• Paul M. Hershberger,
• Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla,
• E. Hampton Sessions,
• Daniela B. Divlianska,
• Ricardo G. Correa,
• Anthony B. Pinkerton,
• John C. Reed and
• Gregory P. Roth

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 900–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.103

• myristic acetate (PMA)/ionomycin) and were selective toward the 697 pre-B cell line. It is interesting to note that no compounds meeting probe selectivity criteria were identified within the T cell (HEK 293T) specific assay. The first oxadiazole-based probe ML236 (8) was potent (0.035 μM) in the 697 pre-B

• condensed with succinic anhydride to provide the oxadiazole acid 7. Conversion of 7 to the corresponding acid chloride and subsequent amidation with excess methylamine afforded 8 in excellent yield after normal phase chromatography. This route was employed to make a variety of analogues and was generally

A new synthetic access to 2-N-(glycosyl)thiosemicarbazides from 3-N-(glycosyl)oxadiazolinethiones and the regioselectivity of the glycosylation of their oxadiazolinethione precursors

• El Sayed H. El Ashry,
• El Sayed H. El Tamany,
• Mohy El Din Abdel Fattah,
• Mohamed R. E. Aly,
• Ahmed T. A. Boraei and
• Axel Duerkop

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 135–146, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.16

• respective thiosemicarbazides. Surprisingly, the formation of the galactosyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3-thione from the galactosyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione was discovered for the first time. This is a new method for the conversion of an 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione ring into a 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thione

• representative glucopyranosylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and glucopyranosylthiosemicarbazide, each. Results and Discussion The regiospecificity of glycosylations of 1,3,4-oxadiazolinethiones was tested by reacting 5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-2(3H)-thione (1) with a set of α-D-glycosyl halides 2–4 under

• of the N-glycosides 8–10 (Scheme 3) mediated with ammonia in aqueous methanolic solution led to de-O-acetylation of the glycan moieties along with aminolysis of the oxadiazole ring affording 2-N-(glycosyl)thiosemicarbazides 11–13 instead of the corresponding nucleosides 14–16. The oxadiazole ring

A new family of four-ring bent-core nematic liquid crystals with highly polar transverse and end groups

• Kalpana Upadhyaya,
• Venkatesh Gude,
• Golam Mohiuddin and
• Rao V. S. Nandiraju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.4

• mesogens composed of two rod-like mesogenic wings coupled to a central linking moiety has been debated very well. The central linking moiety is mainly thiadiazole or oxadiazole derivatives with a large transverse dipole and an obtuse bent angle between the two arms. This represents a banana or V-shaped

Liquid-crystalline heterodimesogens and ABA-heterotrimesogens comprising a bent 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole central unit

• Govindaswamy Shanker,
• Marko Prehm and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 472–485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.54

• terminally connected ABA-heterotrimesogens and heterodimesogens, composed of a bent 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole central unit and one or two rod-shaped 4-cyanobiphenyl cores or one 2-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole core, connected by flexible spacers, have been synthesized, and their mesomorphic behavior was

• the 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole unit with one cyanobiphenyl core leads to the removal of tilted smectic and cybotactic nematic phases (SmC, NcybC), which are replaced by the nontilted CybA phases and nematic phases composed of SmA-type clusters (NcybA). The orthogonal cybotactic nematic phases of

• units led to a loss of LC properties [58]. The 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole segment has recently attracted significant attention as a central building block for bent-core LC molecules (angle ~140°) [59][60][61][62][63], due to the ferroelectric-like polar switching observed in the nematic phases of

Functionalization of heterocyclic compounds using polyfunctional magnesium and zinc reagents

• Paul Knochel,
• Matthias A. Schade,
• Sebastian Bernhardt,
• Georg Manolikakes,
• Albrecht Metzger,
• Fabian M. Piller,
• Christoph J. Rohbogner and
• Marc Mosrin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1261–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.147

• of the base, the role of MgCl2 is to increase its reactivity and the role of zinc is essential since it confers to this base an exceptional chemoselectivity (Scheme 8). Thus, the 1,3,4-oxadiazole 43 is readily converted to the zinc reagent 44 by the reaction with TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl (42, 0.55 equiv

Advances in synthetic approach to and antifungal activity of triazoles

• Kumari Shalini,
• Nitin Kumar,
• Sushma Drabu and
• Pramod Kumar Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 668–677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.79

• ., triazole, oxadiazole dithiazole and thiadiazole with three heteroatoms at symmetrical or asymmetrical positions have been studied because of their interesting pharmacological properties. In this article our emphasis is on synthetic development and pharmacological activity of the triazole moiety which

Unusual behavior in the reactivity of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in a resistively heated microreactor

• Bernhard Gutmann,
• Toma N. Glasnov,
• Tahseen Razzaq,
• Walter Goessler,
• Dominique M. Roberge and
• C. Oliver Kappe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 503–517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.59

• position 2. The resulting N-acetyltetrazole 4 looses nitrogen to form nitrilimine 5. Interception of the nitrilimine dipolar intermediate by water produces N’-acetyl-diphenylacetohydrazide (7) (the first detectable intermediate in this sequence), while intramolecular interception leads to the oxadiazole 6

• method for the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles [45][46]. In the NMP/AcOH/H2O solvent mixture, however, the formation of the oxadiazole 6 can scarcely compete with the intermolecular addition of water and oxadiazole 6 was therefore detectable only in minor amounts. Using NMP/AcOH as the solvent system, 2

• -benzhydryl-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (6) became one of the major products in the flow reactor under these reaction conditions. The resulting hydrazide 7 can be expected to have a weak N–N bond, however, the products obtained from the decomposition of diacylhydrazides are generally considered to arise via

An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals

• Marcus Baumann,
• Ian R. Baxendale,
• Steven V. Ley and
• Nikzad Nikbin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 442–495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.57

• 283 was then subjected to cyclodehydration using phosphoryl chloride to give a chloromethyl oxadiazole derivative 284. In a cleverly staged transformation, this compound was treated with diaminoethane to yield the piperazine ring 285, which, on heating under reflux in methanol, undergoes a further

Low temperature enantiotropic nematic phases from V-shaped, shape-persistent molecules

• Matthias Lehmann and
• Jens Seltmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 73, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.73

• pyridyl or acceptor substituted aromatic unit at the periphery of the molecule [23][24]. Fluorenone [25], oxadiazole [26], thiazole and thiadiazole [24] derivatives have been synthesised and evidence for biaxiality in their monotropic nematic phases has been presented. Monotropic phases are metastable and

2-Arylhydrazononitriles as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis: A novel route to 2-substituted- 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines

• Saleh M. Al-Mousawi and
• Moustafa Sh. Moustafa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 12, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-12

• cyclized into the corresponding oxadiazole 4 on refluxing in acetic anhydride. When refluxed in DMF in presence of piperidine, the corresponding 1,2,3-triazoleamine 5 was formed. The latter was acylated to 6 by addition of acetic anhydride while treatment of 5 with malononitrile gave the 1,2,3-triazolo