The regulation and biosynthesis of antimycins

• Ryan F. Seipke and
• Matthew I. Hutchings

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2556–2563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.290

• bioactivity of 5-fluoroantimycins and reported they retained potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, but were significantly reduced in cytotoxity in a leukemia P388 mouse cell line compared to the parent compounds [25]. Sandy et al. recently showed AntB can accept both acyl-CoAs and acyl-SNACs to

• utilise acyl-SNACs provides the possibility to employ feeding studies to introduce new chemistry at C-8. AntO is a lipase homologue and is predicted to install the N-formyl group resulting in the 3-formamidosalicylate moiety. AntO is required for bioactivity against the human pathogenic fungus, Candida

• albicans (Seipke and Hutchings, unpublished results), but the exact time in which AntO installs the N-formyl group is unclear and requires investigation. Regulation of the ant gene cluster Antimycin biosynthesis is linked to development, as is the case for many Streptomyces secondary metabolites. However

Synthesis and biological activities of the respiratory chain inhibitor aurachin D and new ring versus chain analogues

• Xu-Wen Li,
• Jennifer Herrmann,
• Yi Zang,
• Philippe Grellier,
• Soizic Prado,
• Rolf Müller and
• Bastien Nay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1551–1558, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.176

• (Candida albicans) nor on molds (Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata). The natural compound 4 was one of the most active compounds, but also shorter chain analogues 9 and 10 inhibited, for instance, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations in the low µg/mL range, whereas

ML212: A small-molecule probe for investigating fluconazole resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans

• Willmen Youngsaye,
• Cathy L. Hartland,
• Barbara J. Morgan,
• Amal Ting,
• Partha P. Nag,
• Benjamin Vincent,
• Carrie A. Mosher,
• Joshua A. Bittker,
• Sivaraman Dandapani,
• Michelle Palmer,
• Luke Whitesell,
• Susan Lindquist,
• Stuart L. Schreiber and
• Benito Munoz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1501–1507, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.171

• Molecular Libraries and Probe Production Centers Network (NIH-MLPCN) screened >300,000 compounds to evaluate their ability to restore fluconazole susceptibility in resistant Candida albicans isolates. Additional counter screens were incorporated to remove substances inherently toxic to either mammalian or

• fungal cells. A substituted indazole possessing the desired bioactivity profile was selected for further development, and initial investigation of structure–activity relationships led to the discovery of ML212. Keywords: antifungal; Candida albicans; chemosensitizer; fluconazole; Molecular Libraries

• chemosensitizers of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans [11]. The C. albicans clinical isolates used in this study demonstrate a range of resistance to the widely prescribed triazole antimycotic fluconazole (Flc) [12], and the objective was to identify novel small molecules capable of surmounting this inherent

A macrolactonization approach to the total synthesis of the antimicrobial cyclic depsipeptide LI-F04a and diastereoisomeric analogues

• James R. Cochrane,
• Dong Hee Yoon,
• Christopher S. P. McErlean and
• Katrina A. Jolliffe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1344–1351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.154

• strains of Bacillus (Paenebacillus) and exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity against a range of clinically relevant species, including Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. These compounds have a cyclic hexadepsipeptide core

• . The antifungal activity of 1 and 20–23 was evaluated by using a standardised serial dilution sensitivity assay [28] against reference strains of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus (Table 3). Synthetic LI-F04a was found to exhibit good activity against both C. albicans

Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Acanthophyllum gypsophiloides Regel

• Elena A. Khatuntseva,
• Vladimir M. Men’shov,
• Alexander S. Shashkov,
• Yury E. Tsvetkov,
• Rodion N. Stepanenko,
• Raymonda Ya. Vlasenko,
• Elvira E. Shults,
• Genrikh A. Tolstikov,
• Tatjana G. Tolstikova,
• Dimitri S. Baev,
• Vasiliy A. Kaledin,
• Nelli A. Popova,
• Valeriy P. Nikolin,
• Pavel P. Laktionov,
• Anna V. Cherepanova,
• Tatiana V. Kulakovskaya,
• Ekaterina V. Kulakovskaya and
• Nikolay E. Nifantiev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 763–775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.87

• VKM Y-1173 (All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms), Candida albicans JCM 1542 (Japan Collection of Microorganisms) were used as test-cultures. Strains were maintained on malt agar slants at 5 °C. S. cerevisiae VKM Y-1173 was grown in YPD medium containing glucose (20 g/L), yeast extract (10 g/L

• ) and peptone (20 g/L; Sigma, USA) under shaking at 30 °C for 24 h. Candida albicans, Filobasidiella neoformans, and Cryptococcus terreus were grown under the same conditions for 48 h in YPD medium containing glucose (20 g/L), yeast extract (4 g/L), peptone (5 g/L). Antifungal activity assay: Sterile 5

Synthesis and antifungal properties of papulacandin derivatives

• Marjolein van der Kaaden,
• Eefjan Breukink and
• Roland J. Pieters

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 732–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.82

• could be obtained, possibly caused by aggregation. This was not a problem for the other three compounds. The final products were tested for inhibition of Candida albicans. No inhibition was observed for the all-trans-retinoic acid derivative 51 and the sorbic acid derivative 48. The MIC for the linoleic

Volatile organic compounds produced by the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10

• Teresa Weise,
• Marco Kai,
• Anja Gummesson,
• Armin Troeger,
• Stephan von Reuß,
• Silvia Piepenborn,
• Francine Kosterka,
• Martin Sklorz,
• Ralf Zimmermann,
• Wittko Francke and
• Birgit Piechulla

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 579–596, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.65

• development in Candida albicans [13], and Hogan et al. [14] concluded that either the bacteria modulate the fungal behavior or that C. albicans (or related fungi) responded to the presence of antagonistic bacteria in such a way that it was advantageous for the bacteria. Volatiles were also shown to support

Synthesis of szentiamide, a depsipeptide from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus szentirmaii with activity against Plasmodium falciparum

• Friederike I. Nollmann,
• Andrea Dowling,
• Marcel Kaiser,
• Klaus Deckmann,
• Sabine Grösch,
• Richard ffrench-Constant and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 528–533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.60

• different Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa) bacteria, as well as yeast (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerivisiae). However, consistent with the published data [12], no antibacterial or antifungal

Synthesis and characterization of new diiodocoumarin derivatives with promising antimicrobial activities

• Hany M. Mohamed,
• Ashraf H. F. Abd EL-Wahab,
• Ahmed M. EL-Agrody,
• Ahmed H. Bedair,
• Fathy A. Eid,
• Mostafa M. Khafagy and
• Kamal A. Abd-EL-Rehem

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1688–1696, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.199

• bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC-7447), Bacillus cereus (ATCC-14579), and two Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (NCTC-10410), Serratia marcescens (IMRU-70); and against two species of fungi, namely Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC-3008) and Candida albicans (MTCC-227). The tested

Advances in synthetic approach to and antifungal activity of triazoles

• Kumari Shalini,
• Nitin Kumar,
• Sushma Drabu and
• Pramod Kumar Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 668–677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.79

• -lactams and terminal alkynes of bile acids in the presence of a Cu(I) catalyst (click chemistry) by Vatmurge et al. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against different fungal strains such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Benjaminiella poitrasii, Yarrowia

• ]. Holla et al. synthesized triazole derivatives by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 4-azido-8-trifluoromethylquinoline with ethyl acetoacetate and acetylacetone, respectively, and tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Among the various synthesized compounds, 1-(1-(8

• ) Second generation of triazoles Voriconazole (VCZ, 11) Posaconazole (PCZ, 12) Ravuconazole (RCZ, 13) First generation of triazoles Fluconazole Fluconazole (9, Figure 8) is a fungistatic agent active against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. Fluconazole is also used to treat

Sordarin, an antifungal agent with a unique mode of action

• Huan Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 31, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.31

• , early antifungal screens in the 1970s excluded sordarin, but two decades later, renewed appreciation of that natural product arose as a consequence of its potent in vitro inhibition of protein synthesis in Candida albicans, a pathogenic fungus. Unlike traditional antifungal agents, which target only the

• by stabilizing the EF2/ribosome complex. Strong activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae [9][10], Candida albicans [11][12], and a number of pathogenic fungi make sordarin a promising antimycotic agent. Review Total syntheses of sordarin and its congeners To date, three total syntheses of sordarin

• Glycosyl analogs Sordarin and congeners exhibit good activity against some fungal species, for instance, Candida albicans [11][12], but are inactive toward others. Modifications to both the glycosyl unit and the diterpene core have been pursued in an effort to engender activity against the greatest