The role of alkyl substituents in deazaadenine-based diarylethene photoswitches

• Christopher Sarter,
• Michael Heimes and
• Andres Jäschke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1103–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.106

• the differences between the one- and two-methyl switches are not due to solvent effects. This latter observation already indicated poor reversibility and fatigue resistance for the one-methyl switches. We therefore undertook absorption measurements over multiple cycles of ring closure by UV and ring

Strecker degradation of amino acids promoted by a camphor-derived sulfonamide

• M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho,
• M. João Ferreira,
• Ana S. O. Knittel,
• Maria da Conceição Oliveira,
• João Costa Pessoa,
• Rudolf Herrmann and
• Gabriele Wagner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 732–744, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.73

• Table 1. The calculated activation energies are of course not to be taken literally, since solvent effects were not included, nor was a basis set for superposition error correction applied. We use these calculated values for excluding high-energy pathways, and consider a threshold limit (≈40 kcal/mol

Art, auto-mechanics, and supramolecular chemistry. A merging of hobbies and career

• Eric V. Anslyn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.40

• appropriate for the job: valve spring compressors, feeler gauges, socket wrenches, etc. As organic chemists, we propose hypotheses explaining how Mother Nature works, and we have particular experimental tools to test our theories: kinetics, isotope effects, solvent effects, etc. [24]. Reactions with multiple

Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry

• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Marina Caporaso,
• Laszlo Jicsinszky and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 278–294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.30

• transition state [87]. Solvent effects and ion pair formation are critical to the mechanism of SN1 reactions meaning that this mechanism is usually restricted in HSBM reactions. While solid-state intermolecular SN2 reactions depend on contact between interacting particles only, SN1 reactions may show more

• milling conditions favours SN2 reactions; however it is also true that a solventless environment does not necessarily mean that there is a lack of solution in a liquid phase. Some reaction mixture components can often be liquid, while solvent effects or mixed SN2 and SN1-type reaction mechanisms cannot be

Simple activation by acid of latent Ru-NHC-based metathesis initiators bearing 8-quinolinolate co-ligands

• Julia Wappel,
• Roland C. Fischer,
• Luigi Cavallo,
• Christian Slugovc and
• Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 154–165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.17

• Gaussian) using the M06 functional [73]. Solvent effects, dichloromethane, were calculated with the PCM model [74][75], and non-electrostatic terms were also included. The geometry optimizations were performed without symmetry constraints, and the nature of the extrema was checked by analytical frequency

A journey in bioinspired supramolecular chemistry: from molecular tweezers to small molecules that target myotonic dystrophy

• Steven C. Zimmerman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 125–138, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.14

• host–guest chemistry [33]. Perry Corbin, Steven Dell, and I were pleased to work with Frank Klärner and his group on linking a host analogous to 20 to silica and to study the solvent effects on host–guest complexation chemistry using our HPLC method [34]. Many of the molecular tweezers described above

Versatile deprotonated NHC: C,N-bridged dinuclear iridium and rhodium complexes

• Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 117–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.13

• functional [82]. Solvent effects, using either tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or toluene, were calculated with the polarizable continuous solvation model polarizable continuum model (PCM) model [83][84], and non-electrostatic terms were also included. The cavity is created via a series of overlapping

A comprehensive study of olefin metathesis catalyzed by Ru-based catalysts

• Albert Poater and
• Luigi Cavallo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1767–1780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.192

• and side, respectively. Next, by means of DFT calculations Goddard and co-workers indicated clearly that solvent effects were of paramount relevance to the relatively high stability of b [48], while in the gas phase structure a was much favored [13]. Moreover, Grubbs and co-workers reported the X-ray

• equilibrium is based on a delicate balance between electronic, steric, and solvent effects. Particularly sterically demanding substituents of the NHC and bulky olefins clearly favor the side reaction pathway. Moreover this study corroborated the validity of BP86 for these second generation Grubbs catalysts

• performed without symmetry constraints, and the nature of the extrema was checked by analytical frequency calculations. Furthermore, all extrema were confirmed by calculation of the intrinsic reaction paths. The energies discussed throughout the text contain ZPE corrections. Solvent effects including

Consequences of the electronic tuning of latent ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts on their reactivity

• Karolina Żukowska,
• Eva Pump,
• Aleksandra E. Pazio,
• Krzysztof Woźniak,
• Luigi Cavallo and
• Christian Slugovc

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1458–1468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.158

• conducted by BP86//SVP, solvent effects were added by single point calculations using M06//TZVP functional (cf. Supporting Information File 1). The first question tackled concerned the anticipated coordination of the carbonyl group in compound 15 to form the corresponding 18-electron complex. Formation of

• (orange). Energy profile of trans–cis isomerization, modelled in CH2Cl2, (ΔE in kcal/mol). Geometry optimizations BP86//SVP, solvent effects included by single point calculations, using M06//TZVP. Time/conversion plots for the transformation of 16 catalyzed by 5 mol % of the trans isomers of trans-5a, 14

Antioxidant potential of curcumin-related compounds studied by chemiluminescence kinetics, chain-breaking efficiencies, scavenging activity (ORAC) and DFT calculations

• Adriana K. Slavova-Kazakova,
• Silvia E. Angelova,
• Timur L. Veprintsev,
• Petko Denev,
• Davide Fabbri,
• Maria Antonietta Dettori,
• Maria Kratchanova,
• Vladimir V. Naumov,
• Aleksei V. Trofimov,
• Rostislav F. Vasil’ev,
• Giovanna Delogu and
• Vessela D. Kancheva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1398–1411, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.151

• the kinetic solvent effect of water is of great importance in this case. Hydrogen bonding can have a profound influence on the activity of phenols as antioxidants. It is generally recognized [28][29][30] that solvent effects and especially the ionization effect of the medium may alter the mechanism of

Surprisingly facile CO₂ insertion into cobalt alkoxide bonds: A theoretical investigation

• Willem K. Offermans,
• Claudia Bizzarri,
• Walter Leitner and
• Thomas E. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1340–1351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.144

• (III)–salen complexes are related. Solvent effects were not considered in the present study. The tri-coordinated di-iminate zinc–alkoxide complex [(BDI)ZnOCH3]. The [(2-hydroxyethoxy)CoIII(salen)(L)] complex chosen as catalyst model for the calculations; 1: R1–6 = H; 1a: = -C4H8-, R3–6 = H; 1b

Properties of PTFE tape as a semipermeable membrane in fluorous reactions

• Brendon A. Parsons,
• Olivia Lin Smith,
• Myeong Chae and
• Veljko Dragojlovic

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 980–993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.110

• dichlormethane as a solvent (Scheme 1 and Figure 8). Solvent-assisted transport through PTFE tape In the earlier work we reported that PTFE tape is impermeable to dimethyl phthalate [21]. However, we suspected that solvent effects may alter the permeability of PTFE tape even when it is otherwise impermeable to a

First principle investigation of the linker length effects on the thermodynamics of divalent pseudorotaxanes

• Andreas J. Achazi,
• Doreen Mollenhauer and
• Beate Paulus

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 687–692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.78

• ; Gibbs energy; pseudorotaxanes; solvent effects; COSMO-RS; Introduction If two or more binding sites of a molecular system are involved in the association process, the interaction energy can be significantly increased compared to the sum of the individual binding energies. This effect is called

• contributions, enthalpic and entropic temperature effects as well as solvent effects are included in our simulations in order to compare to experimentally obtained Gibbs energy of association. Results and Discussion In order to investigate the cooperativity effects of the binding between divalent host molecules

• temperature or solvent effects. Including the counter ion in the determination of ΔG has a much weaker effect in the divalent case compared to the monovalent one, because the guest molecule is larger and the positive charge of the amide group can be distributed better over the molecule. For the divalent

Synthesis and properties of novel star-shaped oligofluorene conjugated systems with BODIPY cores

• Clara Orofino-Pena,
• Diego Cortizo-Lacalle,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Muhammad T. Sajjad,
• Pavlos P. Manousiadis,
• Neil J. Findlay,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Dimali Amarasinghe,
• Peter J. Skabara,
• Tell Tuttle,
• Graham A. Turnbull and
• Ifor D. W. Samuel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2704–2714, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.285

• red region of the spectrum. DFT calculations The structures of T-B1 and Y-B1 were optimised using the program Gaussian 09 [38] with the CAM-B3LYP [39] functional and the TZVP [40] basis set. Solvent effects were considered with the inclusion of the SMD [41] solvent model. In order to increase the

Photorelease of phosphates: Mild methods for protecting phosphate derivatives

• Sanjeewa N. Senadheera,
• Abraham L. Yousef and
• Richard S. Givens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2038–2054, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.212

• competition for incident radiation by the unrearranged byproduct chromophore 12 or 15. The role of H2O and hydroxylic solvents observed in this series is in complete accord with solvent effects on the parent pHP photoreactions [6][13][15][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The photo-Favorskii reaction (Scheme 7) is

Substitution effect and effect of axle’s flexibility at (pseudo-)rotaxanes

• Friedrich Malberg,
• Jan Gerit Brandenburg,
• Werner Reckien,
• Oldamur Hollóczki,
• Stefan Grimme and
• Barbara Kirchner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1299–1307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.131

• . Solvent effects As expected, the presence of the solvent decreases the binding energy by 11–14 kcal/mol, see Table 4. Even though the trends in the difference between single and double bond binding energy is constantly 1–4 kcal/mol. By comparison of the total energies of the complex, separated wheel, and

cis–trans Isomerization of silybins A and B

• Michaela Novotná,
• Radek Gažák,
• David Biedermann,
• Florent Di Meo,
• Petr Marhol,
• Marek Kuzma,
• Lucie Bednárová,
• Kateřina Fuksová,
• Patrick Trouillas and
• Vladimír Křen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1047–1063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.105

• energies, including the zero-point correction (V), enthalpies (H) and Gibbs energies (G) at 298 K of the reactants, intermediates and products were determined at the (U)B3P86/6-31+G(d,p) level, well-adapted for polyphenol reactivity. Solvent effects were implicitly taken into account by using a PCM

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

• desired DKPs products 168 in good to excellent yields (53–72%). Solvent effects of the Ugi reaction under microwave irradiation were considered by Santra and Andreana (Scheme 53) [146]. Protic solvents such as water gave rise to either 2.5-diketopiperazines 170 via an aza-Micheal reaction or 2-azaspiro

3-Pyridinols and 5-pyrimidinols: Tailor-made for use in synergistic radical-trapping co-antioxidant systems

• Luca Valgimigli,
• Daniele Bartolomei,
• Riccardo Amorati,
• Evan Haidasz,
• Jason J. Hanthorn,
• Susheel J. Nara,
• Johan Brinkhorst and
• Derek A. Pratt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2781–2792, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.313

• . ArOH). Relevant reactions in co-antioxidant systems. Model for kinetic solvent effects on the radical-trapping activity of phenolic antioxidants. Rate constants for the reactions of 4–12 with peroxyl radicals (kinh) at 303 K obtained from AIBN-initiated inhibited autoxidations of styrene (50% v/v) in

Gold-catalyzed reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes to produce acrylate derivatives

• Yin-wei Sun,
• Qin Xu and
• Min Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1969–1976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.233

• cationic phosphinogold(I) complexes XPhosAuNTf2 and XPhosAu(MeCN)SbF6 as gold catalysts slightly increased the yield of 3a to 33% and 45% yields, respectively (Table 1, entries 15 and 16). The examination of solvent effects revealed that toluene was the best solvent (Table 1, entries 17–22). Adding 4 Å MS

• , entry 13). The examination of solvent effects disclosed that toluene was the best solvent (Table 2, entries 14–16). Either increasing or decreasing the reaction temperature did not further improve the reaction outcome (Table 2, entries 17–20). Careful screening of the reaction conditions led to the

Computational study of the rate constants and free energies of intramolecular radical addition to substituted anilines

• Andreas Gansäuer,
• Meriam Seddiqzai,
• Tobias Dahmen,
• Rebecca Sure and
• Stefan Grimme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1620–1629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.185

• insensitivity of k to solvent effects. On an absolute scale, however, inclusion of these effects is important as the free energy barrier computed for the gas phase is increased by about 0.6 kcal mol–1 in THF or benzene. This improves the agreement between theory and experiment. As documented in the Supporting

Copper(II)-salt-promoted oxidative ring-opening reactions of bicyclic cyclopropanol derivatives via radical pathways

• Eietsu Hasegawa,
• Minami Tateyama,
• Ryosuke Nagumo,
• Eiji Tayama and
• Hajime Iwamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1397–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.156

• exploration of solvent effects revealed that MeCN is more suitable than DMF while the solubility of Cu(OAc)2 is higher in the latter solvent (compare Table 1, entry 1 to entry 5). In entry 5 (Table 1), ring-opened ketone 5 was obtained. In other experiments (see below), the formations of 5 (see Table 2), and

Interplay of ortho- with spiro-cyclisation during iminyl radical closures onto arenes and heteroarenes

• Roy T. McBurney and
• John C. Walton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1083–1092, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.120

• saddle points by frequency calculations. The experimental kinetic and spectroscopic data was all obtained in the nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents t-BuPh or cyclopropane. Solvent effects, particularly differences in solvation between the neutral reactants and neutral transition states, were therefore

Formal synthesis of (−)-agelastatin A: an iron(II)-mediated cyclization strategy

• Daisuke Shigeoka,
• Takuma Kamon and
• Takehiko Yoshimitsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 860–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.99

• /Bu4NBr revealed significant solvent effects on the product yields [28]. This was also the case in the present study: FeBr2 (0.5 equiv)/Bu4NBr (1.2 equiv) in t-BuOH successfully improved the yield of 5a relative to the reaction in EtOH (Table 1, entry 3). FeCl2 (0.5 equiv)/Bu4NCl (1.2 equiv) in t-BuOH

Utilizing the σ-complex stability for quantifying reactivity in nucleophilic substitution of aromatic fluorides

• Magnus Liljenberg,
• Tore Brinck,
• Tobias Rein and
• Mats Svensson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 791–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.90

• . In these computations solvent effects were included by means of the polarizable continuum model as implemented in the Gaussian 09 suite of software [34]. All stationary points were characterized by means of frequency and IRC calculations. The structures investigated in the amination of heterocyclic