Natural dolomitic limestone-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, and highly substituted pyridines under ultrasound irradiation

• Kumar Godugu,
• Venkata Divya Sri Yadala,
• Mohammad Khaja Mohinuddin Pinjari,
• Trivikram Reddy Gundala,
• Lakshmi Reddy Sanapareddy and
• Chinna Gangi Reddy Nallagondu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1881–1900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.156

• derivatives. The most common method for the preparation of benzimidazoles is the reaction between o-phenylenediamines and carboxylic acids [20][21]. Another general synthetic route reported is the condensation reaction of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes in the presence of various catalysts, such as Zn

Three new O-isocrotonyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid congeners produced by a sea anemone-derived marine bacterium of the genus Vibrio

• Dandan Li,
• Enjuro Harunari,
• Tao Zhou,
• Naoya Oku and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1869–1874, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.154

• (Figure 3a). Note that the sign distribution of the Δδ(S − R) values in β,β-substituted carboxylic acids is inverted from that observed in the α,α-substituted counterparts (Figure 3b) because the PGME anisotropy group is flipped upside down due to the insertion of an extra methylene group between the

• major conformers of the PGME amide derivatives between the β,β-substituted carboxylic acids (top) and the α,α-substituted carboxylic acids (bottom), showing an orientational inversion of the PGME groups. NMR data for 1 and 2 in CDCl3. NMR data for 3 and 4 in CDCl3. Supporting Information Supporting

One-pot synthesis of oxazolidinones and five-membered cyclic carbonates from epoxides and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: theoretical evidence for an asynchronous concerted pathway

• Esra Demir,
• Ozlem Sari,
• Yasin Çetinkaya,
• Ufuk Atmaca,
• Safiye Sağ Erdem and
• Murat Çelik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1805–1819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.148

• reaction in more detail. In our previous studies, we investigated the reactions of CSI with various substrates such as carboxylic acids, alkenes and allyl or benzyl alcohols [43][44][45][46]. As a continuation of these studies, we performed one-pot syntheses of the title compounds by optimizing the

Mechanochemical green synthesis of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers

• Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo,
• Fabrizio Caldera,
• Marco Zanetti,
• Silvia Lucia Appleton,
• Nilesh Kumar Dhakar and
• Francesco Trotta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1554–1563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.127

• extraction with acetone). Moreover, this could be also explained since not all the reactive groups are freely accessible within the NS structure. Carbonyl diimidazole can react with carboxylic acids at room temperature in many aprotic solvents (such as tetrahydrofuran, DMSO, or DMF) to form imidazolides in

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

One-step route to tricyclic fused 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline systems via the Castagnoli–Cushman protocol

• Aleksandar Pashev,
• Nikola Burdzhiev and
• Elena Stanoeva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1456–1464, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.121

• The scope of the Castagnoli–Cushman reaction was enlarged by the use of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and succinic, glutaric, diglycolic, and thiodiacetic anhydrides. The substituted benzo[a]quinolizidine products and their heterocyclic analogs as well as 3-oxopyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-1-carboxylic acids

An overview on disulfide-catalyzed and -cocatalyzed photoreactions

• Yeersen Patehebieke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1418–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.118

• and abundant source of biomass-derived molecules. Decarboxylative transformations of carboxylic acids into value-added chemical products (such as biofuels) are a key objective in organic synthesis [25]. In 2014, Wallentin and co-workers reported a type of decarboxylation reaction of α-amino acids, α

• hydrodecarboxylation product 55. Nicewicz and co-workers also reported the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids and malonic acid derivatives catalyzed by an acridinium photoredox catalyst (Mes–Acr–Ph) and PhSSPh in 2015 (Scheme 20) [27]. This direct method of the organocatalytic decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to

• disulfide. Disulfide-cocatalyzed anti-Markovnikov olefin hydration reactions. Disulfide-catalyzed decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Proposed mechanism of the disulfide-catalyzed decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Disulfide-catalyzed decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Disulfide-catalyzed conversion of

Photocatalytic trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes in continuous-flow

• Alexander V. Nyuchev,
• Ting Wan,
• Borja Cendón,
• Carlo Sambiagio,
• Job J. C. Struijs,
• Michelle Ho,
• Moisés Gulías,
• Ying Wang and
• Timothy Noël

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1305–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.111

• results were obtained with carbonyl-containing compounds. Different aromatic ketones, aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acids were transformed to the corresponding trifluoromethoxylated compounds (12–23) with generally good to high yields, except for 13, 16, 19 and 22 which were obtained in moderate or

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• due to decomposition of carboxylic anhydrides and a CO2 peak at about 500 K resulting from carboxylic acids [15]. Figueiredo et al. examined the influence of oxidative treatments on activated carbon by TPD studies. Enhanced CO and CO2 peaks found by TPD indicate an increasing amount of oxygen

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• ), such as carboxylates or RAEs (Redox Active Esters), oxidative fragmentations, and reductive fragmentations of various redox-active groups (X) as well as hydrogen atom abstractions (Scheme 2). Decarboxylation Carboxylic acids are naturally abundant functionalities that provide an easy access to C(sp3

• venerable transformations [39][40], allowing the smooth generation of alkyl radicals from carboxylic acid derivatives. One of the main strategies for accessing C(sp3) radicals from carboxylic acids relies on the oxidation of the CO2H group. However, the high oxidation potential of these species makes them

• desired C(sp3) radicals. Organic dyes are competent photocatalysts for these transformations, with many reports having appeared in the last five years. For example, Nicewicz developed a photocatalytic hydrodecarboxylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids in 2015 (Scheme 3) [41]. The

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• , crystalline, supramolecular frameworks may be neutral, for example, those built by mutual interactions of multitopic carboxylic acids [25][26][27][28][29]. Alternatively, they can be constructed from components possessing oppositely charged multitopic tectons, in which case the framework becomes a charge

Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches

• Rodrigo Costa e Silva,
• Luely Oliveira da Silva,
• Aloisio de Andrade Bartolomeu,
• Timothy John Brocksom and
• Kleber Thiago de Oliveira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 917–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.83

• alcohols to aldehydes without over-oxidation to the carboxylic acids using Pt/PCN-224(Zn), a Zn porphyrin MOF incorporated with Pt nanocrystals (NC), as photocatalyst [47]. According to the authors, the synergism between NC and the porphyrin is important for this transformation and a wide variety of

• obtained by photooxidation of benzaldehydes using Pt porphyrin (Pt-TMP) [49] and Pd porphyrin (2Pd) [50] (Scheme 23). Overall, the fine-tuning of the electrochemical potential of metals and porphyrins enables the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or aldehydes to carboxylic acids in a very controlled and

• –84% yields (Scheme 59) [97]. The Ugi-type multicomponent reactions between imines, carboxylic acids, and isocyanides, and Mannich-type reactions between iminium and carbonyl groups have found many applications in organic synthesis [108]. Che’s group employed the methodology of oxidation of an amine

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

KOt-Bu-promoted selective ring-opening N-alkylation of 2-oxazolines to access 2-aminoethyl acetates and N-substituted thiazolidinones

• Qiao Lin,
• Shiling Zhang and
• Bin Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 492–501, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.44

• coordination chemistry, and also valuable protecting or directing groups in catalysis [1][2][3]. 2-Oxazolines are a readily stable class of heterocycles resistant to a range of nucleophiles, bases, or radicals [4][5], which can be easily generated from amino alcohols and carboxylic acids, and from alkenes or

Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes

• Mingbing Zhong,
• Xavier Pannecoucke,
• Philippe Jubault and
• Thomas Poisson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42

• chlorides [20]. This ATRA reaction was carried out with various fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides, such as CFH2SO2Cl, CF2HSO2Cl, CF3SO2Cl, CF3CH2SO2Cl, and C4F9SO2Cl, electron-deficient alkenes, including α,β-unsaturated ketones, amides, esters, carboxylic acids, sulfones, and phosphonates (Scheme 4). In

Ultrasonic-assisted unusual four-component synthesis of 7-azolylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

• Yana I. Sakhno,
• Maryna V. Murlykina,
• Oleksandr I. Zbruyev,
• Anton V. Kozyryev,
• Svetlana V. Shishkina,
• Dmytro Sysoiev,
• Vladimir I. Musatov,
• Sergey M. Desenko and
• Valentyn A. Chebanov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 281–289, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.27

• and pyruvic acid (3a) in acetic acid at room temperature under ultrasonication for 90 min gave 3-cyano-7-((4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)-5-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acids 4a–c. There is also the possibility of applying ethyl pyruvate (3b) instead of pyruvic acid as

• -1,2,4-triazole (1c) with aromatic aldehydes 2a–f and pyruvic acid (3a) carried out in acetic acid at a room temperature under ultrasonication for 120 min gave 7-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)amino)-5-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acids 4p–u in 34–76% yields (Scheme 4

• ). In contrast to pyrazolyl-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acids 4d–o, triazolyl-substituted derivatives 4p–u were unstable in protic solvents in the presence of water, and especially upon increasing the temperature gradually transformed into 7-hydroxytriazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 5a–f

Recent developments in photoredox-catalyzed remote ortho and para C–H bond functionalizations

• Rafia Siddiqui and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 248–280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.26

• olefination. C–H olefination of phenolic ethers. Decarboxylative acylation of acetanilides. Synthesis of fluorenone derivatives by intramolecular deoxygenative acylation of biaryl carboxylic acids. Synthesis of benzothiazoles via aerobic C–H thiolation. Synthesis of benzothiazoles via oxidant-free C–H

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors

• Delphine Pichon,
• Jennifer Morvan,
• Christophe Crévisy and
• Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 212–232, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.24

• β-alkylated N-acyloxazolidinones could be converted to various derivatives (aldehydes, ketones, Weinreb amides, or carboxylic acids) in good yields and without alteration of the ee values. In 2006, aminohydroxyphosphine L15b was used as a new designer ligand by Nakamura and co-workers for the

• listed above can be converted into various other synthetically useful groups, such as ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, and (Weinreb) amide groups. More recently, some works were reported, which showed that through a judicious selection of chiral ligands and a fine-tuning of the reactivities of both

Why do thioureas and squaramides slow down the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement?

• Dominika Krištofíková,
• Juraj Filo,
• Mária Mečiarová and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2948–2957, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.290

• rearrangement; silyl ketene acetals; Introduction The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is a reaction converting allyl esters to γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Its key step is a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a silyl ketene acetal, which is generated in situ by deprotonation of an allyl ester using a strong

• stereospecificity make this transformation synthetically appealing [12][13]. Allyl esters of various carboxylic acids undergo rearrangement as their lithium enolates or silyl ketene acetals and the corresponding acids were isolated in 75–80% yields. Accordingly, the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement of lithium enolates

Chemical synthesis of tripeptide thioesters for the biotechnological incorporation into the myxobacterial secondary metabolite argyrin via mutasynthesis

• David C. B. Siebert,
• Roman Sommer,
• Domen Pogorevc,
• Michael Hoffmann,
• Silke C. Wenzel,
• Rolf Müller and
• Alexander Titz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2922–2929, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.286

• , acid-mediated deprotection of the Boc group and final coupling to Boc-ᴅ-alanine. Fully protected tripeptides were transformed by base hydrolysis into the free carboxylic acids, followed by activation of the unprotected C-terminus as a SNAc thioester. Subsequent cleavage of the N-terminal Boc protecting

Synthetic terpenoids in the world of fragrances: Iso E Super^® is the showcase

• Alexey Stepanyuk and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2590–2602, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.252

• formation of products. Most importantly, Iso E Super® (33), Iso E Super Plus® (34) and Iso Gamma (55) are formed [1]. All compounds are obtained as racemates [25]. Isomerisation using additives such as alcohols or carboxylic acids. The product with the γ-positioned double bond is the desired Iso E Super

Synthesis of novel sulfide-based cyclic peptidomimetic analogues to solonamides

• José Brango-Vanegas,
• Luan A. Martinho,
• Lucinda J. Bessa,
• Andreanne G. Vasconcelos,
• Alexandra Plácido,
• Alex L. Pereira,
• José R. S. A. Leite and
• Angelo H. L. Machado

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2544–2551, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.247

• ) and their respective carboxylic acids 3 were obtained in good yields based on previously reported procedures (Scheme 2) [35][36]. Starting from Rink Amide AM resin-bound orthogonally protected Fmoc-Cys-(Trt) 4, solonamide analogues were synthesized following stepwise Fmoc deprotection and standard

• adducts 2 and their carboxylic acids 3. Chemical synthesis of the linear peptidomimetics 8. Macrocyclization strategy based on SN2’ reaction to affords the solonamide analogues 9 and their overall yields based on the initial resin’s molarity. Halos of hemolysis or inhibition of hemolysis of S. aureus ATCC

Anion-driven encapsulation of cationic guests inside pyridine[4]arene dimers

• Anniina Kiesilä,
• Jani O. Moilanen,
• Anneli Kruve,
• Christoph A. Schalley,
• Perdita Barran and
• Elina Kalenius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2486–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.241

• the π-acidic character of pyridine rings, such as 2-oxo-6-oxypyridine, is rather weak [9][10]. Thus, pyridine[4]arenes may be expected to show a dual binding behavior towards anions and cations [8]. In addition to anion complexes also 2:1 complex formation with neutral carboxylic acids and amides have

Combining the Ugi-azide multicomponent reaction and rhodium(III)-catalyzed annulation for the synthesis of tetrazole-isoquinolone/pyridone hybrids

• Gerardo M. Ojeda,
• Prabhat Ranjan,
• Pavel Fedoseev,
• Lisandra Amable,
• Upendra K. Sharma,
• Daniel G. Rivera and
• Erik V. Van der Eycken

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2447–2457, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.237

• steps without purification of the intermediates. In this strategy, three different diversity sites could be generated, i.e., those derived from the isocyano and aldehyde components and a third one from the carboxylic acid used in the last acylation step. We sought to incorporate aryl or vinyl carboxylic

• acids to allow the subsequent reaction with alkynes based on the C(sp2)–H activation of these aryl or vinyl moieties. As depicted in Table 1, we chose the tetrazolic substrate 1a for the optimization of the catalytic addition of diphenylacetylene (3a), a process involving the metal-catalyzed ortho-C–H

Mono- and bithiophene-substituted diarylethene photoswitches with emissive open or closed forms

• A. Lennart Schleper,
• Mariano L. Bossi,
• Vladimir N. Belov and
• Stefan W. Hell

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2344–2354, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.227

• ]thiophene core. The structures of “thiophenylated” DAEs AsTh1, AsTh2, SyTh1, SyTh2, AsOTh1, AsOTh2, SyOTh1, and SyOTh2 prepared and studied in this work are given in Figure 1. Methyl esters of the thiophene carboxylic acids were chosen as model building blocks, because they possess optical properties

• similar to the free acids. The future promising candidates which were expected to emerge in the course of synthesis and screening could be eventually transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acids possessing higher solubility in aqueous buffers and reactive groups required for bioconjugation. Results