Synthesis and reactivity of aliphatic sulfur pentafluorides from substituted (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes

• Norbert Vida,
• Jiří Václavík and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 110–116, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.12

• Diels–Alder products (Table 1). Single-point energies of the transition states suggested that pathway a was preferred over b (difference of ca. 10–20 kJ/mol). This was further supported by comparison of Gibbs free energy values. Boltzmann distribution was used to calculate theoretical endo/exo

Solving the puzzling competition of the thermal C²–C⁶ vs Myers–Saito cyclization of enyne-carbodiimides

• Anup Rana,
• Mehmet Emin Cinar,
• Debabrata Samanta and
• Michael Schmittel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 43–49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.6

• final products 8a–c thus avoiding a C2–C6 diradical mechanism. As expected due to the strong steric shielding about the tert-butyl group, enyne-carbodiimide 7b exhibits the highest free energy barrier, i.e., 37.8 kcal mol−1 at 138 °C (= the reaction temperature). The free energies of activation for

• steps is disfavored on the free energy surface (ΔΔG‡ = 3.3 and 7.1 kcal mol−1). After the insightful computational analysis of the reaction mechanism of 7a–c, we chose to use computations in search for an enyne-carbodiimide with a preferred Myers–Saito pathway that would not carry hydrogen at the alkyne

Physical properties and biological activities of hesperetin and naringenin in complex with methylated β-cyclodextrin

• Waratchada Sangpheak,
• Jintawee Kicuntod,
• Roswitha Schuster,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Nawee Kungwan,
• Helmut Viernstein,
• Monika Mueller and
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2763–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.297

• hesperetin with cyclodextrins (β-CD and DM-β-CD) were theoretically investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The free energy values obtained suggested a more stable inclusion complex with DM-β-CD. The vdW force is the main guest–host interaction when hesperetin binds with CDs. The phase solubility

• , the cytotoxic activity on CaCo-2, HeLa and MCF-7 carcinoma cell lines of inclusion complexes was also determined. Results and Discussion The binding free energy of inclusion complexes between naringenin with β-CD and DM-β-CD has been previously reported by our group [40]. In the present work, we

• free energy of inclusion complexes Root mean square displacements (RMSDs) for all atoms of the complex, cyclodextrin and hesperetin in respect with those of initial structures (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) suggested that the three independent simulations of β-CD (A1–A3) and DM-β-CD (B1–B3

Aggregation behaviour of amphiphilic cyclodextrins: the nucleation stage by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

• Giuseppina Raffaini,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Fabio Ganazzoli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2459–2473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.267

• cannot be ruled out: in fact, in view of the small size of these aggregates and of the simulations carried out in vacuo with four and eight molecules, the present results only describe the embryonic stage of aggregation, separated from later stages by some free energy barrier, mainly due to

Co-solvation effect on the binding mode of the α-mangostin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

• Chompoonut Rungnim,
• Sarunya Phunpee,
• Manaschai Kunaseth,
• Supawadee Namuangruk,
• Kanin Rungsardthong,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol and
• Uracha Ruktanonchai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2306–2317, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.251

• between the hydrogen donor and acceptor atoms being ≤3.5 Å; and (ii) the angle of the donor-hydrogen-acceptor being ≥120° [36]. Binding free energy calculations Herein, the binding free energies of α-MGS/β-CD complex were calculated as follows. The ΔG is defined by where each free energy is estimated from

• The gas phase energy, ΔEMM, is a summation of bonded and non-bonded (electrostatic and van der Waals (vdW)) energies obtained from molecular mechanics calculation. The ΔGsolv is solvation free energy. In general, there are several methods for ΔGsolv prediction. Some methods calculate the ΔGsolv using

• higher than for electrostatic interactions (ΔEele). Through summation of the solvation free energy (ΔGsolv) and the entropy term (TΔS), the predicted binding free energies (ΔGbind) of the inclusion complexes I and II are similar with values of –8.86 ± 3.25 and –9.06 ± 2.87 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus

Computational study of productive and non-productive cycles in fluoroalkene metathesis

• Markéta Rybáčková,
• Jan Hošek,
• Ondřej Šimůnek,
• Viola Kolaříková and
• Jaroslav Kvíčala

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2150–2157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.232

• decoordination of alkoxybenzylidene oxygen (structures 1c and 2c). For ethene (1c) and the anti-coordinated 1,1-difluoroethene (a2c), shallow minima were observed in the Gibbs free energy profile, while for the syn structure (s2c), the minimum obtained by the calculation of electronic energy changed just to

Conformational equilibrium in supramolecular chemistry: Dibutyltriuret case

• Karina Mroczyńska,
• Małgorzata Kaczorowska,
• Erkki Kolehmainen,
• Ireneusz Grubecki,
• Marek Pietrzak and
• Borys Ośmiałowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2105–2116, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.227

• temperatures below −25 °C the equilibrium is slow enough to observe an asymmetric complex. It is important to keep in mind that these spectra are recorded for a 1:0.1 molar ratio of 1 and 10 to be sure that most of 10 is associated. From VT 1H NMR measurements the Gibb's free energy equal to 66.6 kJ/mol was

Mechanism, kinetics and selectivity of selenocyclization of 5-alkenylhydantoins: an experimental and computational study

• Biljana M. Šmit,
• Radoslav Z. Pavlović,
• Dejan A. Milenković and
• Zoran S. Marković

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1865–1875, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.200

• , whereas that for the formation of (S,S)-INT3’ and (S,S)-INT3 (cis-diastereoisomers) are significantly lower (Table 2). But the free energy of both six-membered imidazolinium cations INT3’ are very similar and match higher than those for five-membered INT3. The facts that six-membered imidazolinium cations

• (Gibbs free energy) difference between transition states and reactants. The 1H NMR spectra of the intermediates and products in acetonitrile were simulated. The geometry of TMS in acetonitrile was optimized using the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and SMD models. We chose to use the B3LYP functional based on

• substrate 1, with relative free energy values indicated in kJ/mol. The crucial bond lengths are given in pm. Energy profile for the proposed mechanism of selenocyclization of model substrate 1. Relative energies are given in kJ/mol. Optimized geometries for seleniranium cations and corresponding transition

Surprisingly facile CO₂ insertion into cobalt alkoxide bonds: A theoretical investigation

• Willem K. Offermans,
• Claudia Bizzarri,
• Walter Leitner and
• Thomas E. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1340–1351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.144

• each L, the precursor state (preS) was 10–20 kJ·mol−1 more stable than the reactant state (RS). Thus, the change in energy was small with respect to the reactant state. Consistent with an associative step, the entropy change was negative and the change in free energy was positive. Consistent with the

Peptide–polymer ligands for a tandem WW-domain, an adaptive multivalent protein–protein interaction: lessons on the thermodynamic fitness of flexible ligands

• Katharina Koschek,
• Vedat Durmaz,
• Oxana Krylova,
• Marek Wieczorek,
• Shilpi Gupta,
• Martin Richter,
• Alexander Bujotzek,
• Christina Fischer,
• Rainer Haag,
• Christian Freund,
• Marcus Weber and
• Jörg Rademann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 837–847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.93

• bivalent binding modes are strongly favoured through enthalpic gain, the free energy gain is limited by the entropy loss, most likely caused by the flexibility of the linker and thus a larger number of alternative conformational states of the protein receptor. Conclusion All three investigated

• upon injection of peptide–polymer conjugates into the protein; bottom part shows integrated and normalized heat of reaction plotted against peptide/protein molar ratio; binding isotherms are fitted with a 1:1 binding model. Enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free energy of binding processes of

• multivalent peptide–polymer conjugate to the tandem WW domain Binding studies with peptide–polymer conjugates were conducted employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). This method enables the determination of the binding affinity of the multivalent ligands and elucidates the composition of the free

Adsorption mechanism and valency of catechol-functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerols

• Stefanie Krysiak,
• Qiang Wei,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Rainer Haag and
• Thorsten Hugel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 828–836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.92

• up/lying down” mechanism [25] or even more likely via “rolling” into minima of the free energy [26]. We anticipate that these results will help improve catecholic hPGs as stable surface coatings in aqueous buffer [22]. Experimental hPGs Hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG) with Mn ≈5000 g/mol and Mw

Influence of length and flexibility of spacers on the binding affinity of divalent ligands

• Susanne Liese and
• Roland R. Netz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 804–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.90

• spacer is on average extended to almost its full length. The fluctuations around its most probable end-to-end distance r0 are assumed to be much smaller than the contour length L. We approximate the free energy F, similar to a harmonic spring, as with k the effective spring constant and d the end-to-end

• relevant average end-to-end distance rete and the variance Δr, we first have to determine the relation between rete and Δr on the one side and k and r0 on the other side. From the free energy F in Equation 4 the average end-to-end distance rete and the variance Δr are obtained as: Note that according to

• effective concentration of flexible polymers is often modeled by a Gaussian chain [11][20][24] with the free energy: using the mean squared end-to-end distance . The end-to-end distance rete and the variance Δr can be expressed in terms of the mean squared end-to-end distance: As a consequence the end-to

On the strong difference in reactivity of acyclic and cyclic diazodiketones with thioketones: experimental results and quantum-chemical interpretation

• Andrey S. Mereshchenko,
• Alexey V. Ivanov,
• Viktor I. Baranovskii,
• Grzegorz Mloston,
• Ludmila L. Rodina and
• Valerij A. Nikolaev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 504–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.57

• , carbocyclic diazodiketones are much less reactive under similar conditions due to the locked cyclic structure and are unfavorable for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition due to the Z,Z-conformation of the diazo molecule. This structure results in high, positive values of the Gibbs free energy change for the first

• structural formulas and the corresponding, optimized geometry energy for the first and the second reaction steps (cycloaddition of 1 with 2a and decomposition of 1,3,4-thiadiazolines 6) are given in Table 1. The positive values of the Gibbs free energy change for the first stage of the process (Table 1; ΔG1

• ) demonstrate that formation of thiadiazolines 6 from 1a–d and 2a is thermodynamically unfavorable. However, the total value of the Gibbs free energy change for the formation of molecular nitrogen and thiocarbonyl ylide 7 from 1a–d and 2a, ΔG1–7 = ΔG1 + ΔG2, is negative. Therefore, the formation of the

A one-pot multistep cyclization yielding thiadiazoloimidazole derivatives

• Debabrata Samanta,
• Anup Rana,
• Jan W. Bats and
• Michael Schmittel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2989–2996, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.317

• 14‡. Distances are shown in angstrom (italics). Synthesis of tricyclic 1,2,4-thiadiazoles 2a–c. Possible mechanistic scenarios. DMAP assisted cyclization-I and IIa. Free energies are reported in kcal mol−1 at 25 °C referenced to 8 for cyclization-I and 13 for cyclization-IIa. Free energy values

Binding mode and free energy prediction of fisetin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

• Bodee Nutho,
• Wasinee Khuntawee,
• Chompoonut Rungnim,
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Alfred Karpfen,
• Nawee Kungwan and
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2789–2799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.296

• to investigate the preferential binding mode and encapsulation of the flavonoid fisetin in the nano-pore of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at the molecular level using various theoretical approaches: molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. The molecular

• binding or even unbinding preference was observed in the complexes where the larger chromone ring is located in the cavity. All MM- and QM-PBSA/GBSA free energy predictions supported the more stable fisetin/β-CD complex of the bound phenyl ring. Van der Waals interaction is the key force in forming the

• inclusion complex. The ligand binding mode and water accessibility, host–guest interaction, and binding free energy of the inclusion complex were analyzed. The MM-PBSA/GBSA and M06-2X/6-31G(d,p)//MM-PBSA/GBSA approaches were used to predict the binding affinity of fisetin/β-CD complexes. The M06-2X/6-31G(d

Pyrrolidine nucleotide analogs with a tunable conformation

• Lenka Poštová Slavětínská,
• Dominik Rejman and
• Radek Pohl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1967–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.205

• , exchanging two-site 31P system (Figure 9). This enabled us to obtain the rate constants of the exchange at different temperatures and estimate the activation parameters of the interconversion such as the Gibbs free energy of activation ΔG‡298 = 80.7 kJ/mol; the enthalpy of activation ΔH‡ = 23.8 kJ/mol; and

Isoxazolium N-ylides and 1-oxa-5-azahexa-1,3,5-trienes on the way from isoxazoles to 2H-1,3-oxazines

• Alexander F. Khlebnikov,
• Mikhail S. Novikov,
• Yelizaveta G. Gorbunova,
• Ekaterina E. Galenko,
• Kirill I. Mikhailov,
• Viktoriia V. Pakalnis and
• Margarita S. Avdontceva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1896–1905, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.197

• isolated) – the corresponding changes in Gibbs free energy were evaluated from isodesmic reactions 1–4 (Scheme 4). These calculations were based on the Gibbs free energy of the compounds, which were obtained by DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations (ΔΔG298 K, kcal/mol). Although the substitution of the Ph group

Structure/affinity studies in the bicyclo-DNA series: Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing bc^en-T and iso-tricyclo-T nucleosides

• Branislav Dugovic,
• Michael Wagner and
• Christian J. Leumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1840–1847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.194

• this a gain in the free energy of duplex formation and, hence, more stable duplexes are expected [24]. Over the years we became interested in determining the structure/RNA affinity relationship of the underlying sugar scaffold and to develop them into a molecular platform for oligonucleotide

Why a diaminopyrrolic tripodal receptor binds mannosides in acetonitrile but not in water?

• Diogo Vila-Viçosa,
• Oscar Francesconi and
• Miguel Machuqueiro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1513–1523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.156

• titrable protons (n) present in the molecule. Radius of gyration (Rg) histograms for the receptor in water at pH 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0 and in ACN. The Rg curves at the pH values not shown are well behaved and respect the observed trend. Free energy profiles for the receptor at pH 1.0 (a), 6.0 (b), 10.0 (c

• with the population of each microstate, histograms of Rg, free energy profiles and schematic representation of the position of the arms at all pH values. Acknowledgments The authors thank Cristina Nativi and Stefano Roelens for the NMR derived structure and useful discussions. We also thank António M

Substitution effect and effect of axle’s flexibility at (pseudo-)rotaxanes

• Friedrich Malberg,
• Jan Gerit Brandenburg,
• Werner Reckien,
• Oldamur Hollóczki,
• Stefan Grimme and
• Barbara Kirchner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1299–1307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.131

• computational energy profile [22]. The formation of α-cyclodextrin-based [3]pseudorotaxanes in the gas phase was studied by means of density functional calculations [23]. Molecular mechanics calculations were used for a free energy calculation of an α-cyclodextrin rotaxane system and for the investigation of

Theoretical studies on the intramolecular cyclization of 2,4,6-t-Bu₃C₆H₂P=C: and effects of conjugation between the P=C and aromatic moieties

• Masaaki Yoshifuji and
• Shigekazu Ito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1032–1036, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.103

• activation energy (ΔEa) was 12.3 kcal/mol, and the Gibbs free energy ΔG was estimated as 11.6 kcal/mol. Such energy profile indicates a sharp contrast to the modeled FBW rearrangement of phosphanylidenecarbene requiring no activation energy [20], and would be partially explicable for the experimental result

• that the phosphanylidenecarbenoid [Mes*P=C(Br)Li] afforded both phosphaalkyne [Mes*C≡P] and 2 [15]. The single imaginary frequency was optimized for the transition state (Figure 3). Figure 4 displays the optimized structure of 2 [MP2(full)/6-31G(d)]. Relative energy (Erel) and Gibbs free energy (G) of

The Ugi four-component reaction as a concise modular synthetic tool for photo-induced electron transfer donor-anthraquinone dyads

• Sarah Bay,
• Gamall Makhloufi,
• Christoph Janiak and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1006–1016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.100

• to a charge-separated state that is responsible for the observed fluorescence quenching can be calculated from the measured electrochemical and spectroscopic data. Among several representations for calculating the Gibbs free energy of the electron transfer [88][89] can be described by Equation 1 [90

• electrochemical measurements are performed in the same solvent. Therefore, Equation 1 simplifies to Equation 2 for calculating Where the first two terms indicate the free energy of the charge-separated state calculated from the spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements (in eV) and represents the correction

Tailoring of organic dyes with oxidoreductive compounds to obtain photocyclic radical generator systems exhibiting photocatalytic behavior

• Christian Ley,
• Julien Christmann,
• Ahmad Ibrahim,
• Luciano H. Di Stefano and
• Xavier Allonas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 936–947, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.92

• is the electron transfer reaction between the dye ground state and the coinitiator. Its reactivity is governed by the corresponding Gibbs free energy change where Eox and Ered are the half-wave oxidation and reduction potentials for the donor and the acceptor, respectively. must be as high as

• possible. The values of the Gibbs free energy change for photoinduced electron transfer is given by the Rehm–Weller equation [56]: , where E* stands for the energy of the excited state. The Coulombic term C is usually neglected in polar solvent. will determine the rate of electron transfer and the dye

• ]. The last important step is the dye regeneration. In order for the cycle and for the catalytic behavior to occur, the corresponding Gibbs free energy change should be negative. If one assumes that the reduction potential of PS•+ is given by the oxidation potential of PS, then . Thus, in order to

Metal and metal-free photocatalysts: mechanistic approach and application as photoinitiators of photopolymerization

• Jacques Lalevée,
• Sofia Telitel,
• Pu Xiao,
• Marc Lepeltier,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Fabrice Morlet-Savary,
• Didier Gigmes and
• Jean-Pierre Fouassier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 863–876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.83

• /luminescence experiments (Figure 7B). From these data, a favorable 3Ir(piq)2(tmd)/Ph2I+ oxidation process can be expected, i.e., the free energy change ΔG for the corresponding electron transfer is negative (ΔG = −1.2 eV as calculated from the classical Rehm–Weller ΔG = Eox – Ered – ET + C where Eox, Ered, ET

Dimerisation, rhodium complex formation and rearrangements of N-heterocyclic carbenes of indazoles

• Zong Guan,
• Jan C. Namyslo,
• Martin H. H. Drafz,
• Martin Nieger and
• Andreas Schmidt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 832–840, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.79

• that pseudo-cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines decarboxylate readily in the absence of stabilizing effects such as hydrogen bonds to protic solvents or water of crystallization [18][19]. Thus, the Gibbs free energy difference for the decarboxylation of 1,2-dimethylindazolium-3-carboxylate under