The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization

• John Moraes,
• Kohji Ohno,
• Guillaume Gody,
• Thomas Maschmeyer and
• Sébastien Perrier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.139

• , and we demonstrate that the exceptional control over their dimensions is achieved by careful tailoring the conditions of the radical polymerization. Keywords: core–shell particles; free radical; grafting; RAFT polymerization; silica; Introduction The versatility of organic free radical chemistry in

Copper-catalyzed aerobic aliphatic C–H oxygenation with hydroperoxides

• Pei Chui Too,
• Ya Lin Tnay and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1217–1225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.138

• aerobic oxygenation of aliphatic C–H bonds with hydroperoxides, which proceeds by 1,5-H radical shift of putative oxygen-centered radicals (O-radicals) derived from hydroperoxides followed by trapping of the resulting carbon-centered radicals with molecular oxygen. Keywords: copper; 1,4-diols; free

• radical; 1,5-H radical shift; hydroperoxides; molecular oxygen; Introduction Aliphatic sp3 C–H bonds are ubiquitous components in organic molecules but rather inert towards most of the chemical reactions. It thus remains as one of the most challenging topics in organic synthesis to develop catalytic

Cascade radical reaction of substrates with a carbon–carbon triple bond as a radical acceptor

• Hideto Miyabe,
• Ryuta Asada and
• Yoshiji Takemoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1148–1155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.128

• chiral Lewis acid and these substrates. Keywords: cascade; cyclization; enantioselective; free radical; Lewis acid; radical; Introduction Strategies involving a cascade process offer the advantage of multiple carbon–carbon and/or carbon–heteroatom bond formations in a single operation. Radical

Photoinduced synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl selenides from triarylbismuthines and diaryl diselenides

• Yohsuke Kobiki,
• Shin-ichi Kawaguchi,
• Takashi Ohe and
• Akiya Ogawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1141–1147, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.127

• absence of transition-metal catalysts. A variety of unsymmetrical diaryl selenides can be conveniently prepared by using this arylation method. Keywords: arylation; unsymmetrical diaryl selenide; free radical; organobismuth; photoinduced reaction; Introduction A number of organoselenium compounds are

New core-pyrene π structure organophotocatalysts usable as highly efficient photoinitiators

• Sofia Telitel,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Thomas Faury,
• Bernadette Graff,
• Mohamad-Ali Tehfe,
• Didier Gigmes,
• Jean-Pierre Fouassier and
• Jacques Lalevée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 877–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.101

• experiments. The mechanisms involved in the initiation step are discussed, and relationships between the core structure, the Co_Py absorption property, and the polymerization ability are tentatively proposed. Keywords: cationic photopolymerization; free-radical-promoted cationic photopolymerization

• ; photocatalysts; photoinitiators; radical photopolymerization; Introduction Free radical sources are encountered in various areas such as organic chemistry, biochemistry and polymer chemistry. In the field of polymer photochemistry applied to photopolymerization reactions, they are referred to as photoinitiators

• (PI) [1]. These PIs are usable in two scenarios, both of which are light induced. Firstly, they are usable in free radical polymerization (FRP), where the PIs work as either cleavable type I PIs or uncleavable type II PIs in dependence of couples formed by the PI and hydrogen or electron donors (r1 in

Formal synthesis of (−)-agelastatin A: an iron(II)-mediated cyclization strategy

• Daisuke Shigeoka,
• Takuma Kamon and
• Takehiko Yoshimitsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 860–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.99

• redox states were operative. Keywords: agelastatin; aminohalogenation; iron(II); free radical; natural product synthesis; Introduction Marine organisms often produce bioactive substances that potentially serve as attractive resources for drug discovery. (−)-Agelastatin A (AA, 1), a cytotoxic alkaloid

• deserve discussion (Scheme 4). We hypothesize that cyclized material 5a/5b, reduced material 9, and enone 10 are generated from an N–iron complex (i) that has free-radical character, as previously proposed in the catalytic cyclization of azidoformates [30][38][39][40]. The contrasting yields obtained from

Recent progress in the discovery of small molecules for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

• Allison S. Limpert,
• Margrith E. Mattmann and
• Nicholas D. P. Cosford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 717–732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.82

• (3), a heat-shock protein (hsp) coinducer; olesoxime (4), a mitochondrial pore modulator; ceftriaxone (5), an inducer of the glial glutamate transporter (GLT1, EAAT2); and edaravone (6), a free-radical scavenging agent (Figure 1). Our focus in this review is to primarily highlight novel small

Cyclodextrin-induced host–guest effects of classically prepared poly(NIPAM) bearing azo-dye end groups

• Gero Maatz,
• Arkadius Maciollek and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1929–1935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.224

• controlled conditions such as reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) or atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [14][15][16]. However, up to now, only a little is known about the preparation of dye-end-group-labeled polymers by using classical free-radical polymerization

• topology, attract considerable interest for a wide range of optical, medical or reagent-immobilization applications [16]. Results and Discussion Here, we describe the free-radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM, 1) in the presence of a chain–transfer agent and its end-group

• interpreted by the hydrophobic shell of 8 and the strong hydrophobic interaction above the LCST, which causes the formation of the large particles. Conclusion In summary, we have presented the synthesis of an azo-dye-end-group-labeled PNIPAM by free-radical polymerization. The acidochromic and thermo

Bioactive selaginellins from Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring

• Chao Yang,
• Yutian Shao,
• Kang Li and
• Wujiong Xia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1884–1889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.217

• selaginellin M (2) and selaginellin (3), with IC50 equal to 28.5 and 33.1 μM, respectively. Over the past few decades, considerable biochemical, physiological and pharmacological evidence has accumulated to support the hypothesis that free-radical-mediated oxidative processes are implicated in various human

Evaluation of a chiral cubane-based Schiff base ligand in asymmetric catalysis reactions

• Kyle F. Biegasiewicz,
• Michelle L. Ingalsbe,
• Jeffrey D. St. Denis,
• James L. Gleason,
• Junming Ho,
• Michelle L. Coote,
• G. Paul Savage and
• Ronny Priefer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1814–1818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.207

• ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield

Influence of cyclodextrin on the solubility of a classically prepared 2-vinylcyclopropane macromonomer in aqueous solution

• Helmut Ritter,
• Jia Cheng and
• Monir Tabatabai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1528–1535, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.173

• ; cyclodextrins; graft copolymer; macromonomer; ring-opening free radical polymerization; 2-vinylcyclopropane; Introduction Macromonomers are polymers or oligomers with at least one functional end group that is capable of further polymerization. The molecular weight of macromonomers generally ranges between 1000

• chains. Graft copolymers have found many applications, for example in the field of coatings, adhesives, compatibilizers, emulsifiers or biomaterials [1]. For the synthesis of graft copolymers, free radical copolymerization of macromonomers with suitable low molecular weight vinylmonomers is a widely

• ]. Generally, 2-vinylcyclopropane monomers (2-VCPs) are known for their low volumetric shrinkage or even small expansion during free radical ring-opening polymerization (Scheme 1) [26][27][28]. However, this behavior is not in focus of the present work. The resulting polymer bears mainly 1,5-ring-opened units

Highly selective synthesis of (E)-alkenyl-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes through Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction

• George Iakobson and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1185–1190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.131

• chemical stability, high electronegativity and strong lipophilic character [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The availability of SF5-containing compounds is very limited. Aliphatic SF5-containing compounds are available through free-radical addition of toxic and expensive SF5Cl to unsaturated compounds [8][9], and

Chiral recognition of macromolecules with cyclodextrins: pH- and thermosensitive copolymers from N-isopropylacrylamide and N-acryloyl-D/L-phenylalanine and their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins

• Sabrina Gingter,
• Ella Bezdushna and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 204–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.27

• soluble stimuli-responsive polymers bearing phenylalanine moieties via host-guest interaction with β-cyclodextrin and randomly-methylated-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB-CD). We synthesised N-acryloyl-D/L-phenylalanine monomers (2D, 2L) which were then copolymerised under free radical conditions with N

• -acryloyl-D-phenylalanine (2D) and N-acryloyl-L-phenylalanine (2L) were copolymerised under free radical conditions with NIPAAm in a molar ratio of 1:20 and 1:10. Compounds 2D or 2L were obtained under Schotten–Baumann conditions using acryloyl chloride. Both copolymers were prepared under similar

Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers

• Daniel Crespy and
• Katharina Landfester

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1132–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.130

• , polyaddition, polycondensation, and modifications of polymers, and the trends followed in this research field. The so-called “artificial miniemulsions”, i.e., the miniemulsion of preformed polymer, are not described in this review. Free-radical polymerization Most of the reported polymer syntheses in

• miniemulsion are performed via free-radical polymerization. In fact, the polymerization is very simple to perform and yields are usually high. Moreover, the polydispersity in size of the miniemulsion particles and the dispersity of the polymer are not directly correlated, and for applications the focus is in

• of the monomer. The polymerization of hydrophilic monomers in inverse miniemulsions was recently reviewed by Capek [16]. The functional groups that can be introduced in latexes by free-radical polymerization in inverse miniemulsion are overviewed in Table 2. Homopolymers of crosslinked

Novel multi-responsive P2VP-block-PNIPAAm block copolymers via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization

• Cathrin Corten,
• Katja Kretschmer and
• Dirk Kuckling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.89

• radical polymerization (CRP), based on the idea of reversible chain termination, decreases the disadvantage of the free radical polymerization and permits the synthesis of defined block copolymer structures [13]. The growing demand for well-defined and functional soft materials in nanoscale applications

Calix[4]arene-click-cyclodextrin and supramolecular structures with watersoluble NIPAAM-copolymers bearing adamantyl units: “Rings on ring on chain”

• Bernd Garska,
• Monir Tabatabai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 784–788, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.83

• intermolecular electrostatic repulsion. Accordingly, the hydrodynamic diameter of 4 decreased in NaOH solution from 150 nm to 9.0 nm, which can actually be attributed to the existence of trimers. Host–guest complexion of 4 and 5 An adamantane containing copolymer 5 was prepared via free radical polymerization of

RAFT polymers for protein recognition

• Alan F. Tominey,
• Julia Liese,
• Sun Wei,
• Klaus Kowski,
• Thomas Schrader and
• Arno Kraft

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 66, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.66

• protein affinities [8], accompanied in a number of cases with promising protein selectivities [9]. These linear polymers were all prepared by free radical copolymerization in DMF followed by deprotection of the binding monomers in polymer-analogous transformations. Thus, a polymerized bisphosphonate

Free radical homopolymerization of a vinylferrocene/cyclodextrin complex in water

• Helmut Ritter,
• Beate E. Mondrzik,
• Matthias Rehahn and
• Markus Gallei

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 60, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.60

• insoluble in water. Complexation of 1 with methyl-β-cyclodextrin 2 results in clearly water-soluble structures due to incorporation of the ferrocene moiety into the cyclodextrin cavity. After free radical polymerization of the water-soluble complexed monomer, corresponding to polyvinylferrocene (PVFc), the

• scanning calorimetry (DSC), and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) measurements. Keywords: cyclodextrin; free radical polymerization; polyvinylferrocene; vinylferrocene; Introduction Since its discovery in 1951, ferrocene [1] and its derivatives and their applications have been the subject of

• [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The hydrophobic part of the monomer molecule is included in the more hydrophobic cyclodextrin cavity yielding completely water-soluble complexes capable of polymerization. In this publication we wish to present our results of the aqueous free radical

Synthesis and crossover reaction of TEMPO containing block copolymer via ROMP

• Olubummo Adekunle,
• Susanne Tanner and
• Wolfgang H. Binder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 59, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.59

• and 9, initiated via the catalysts U1–U3, as well as mass spectrometric investigations of the crossover reactions via MALDI methods. The incorporation of the free radical 9 into block copolymer is an important contribution in the generation of polymers for reversible charge storage materials, as

• precision and chain length control up to molecular weights of ~31000 g/mol. Conclusion The synthesis of new block copolymers containing free radical centers within one block via ROMP has been described. MALDI analyses especially provide a detailed picture of the crossover reaction. Basically, the NEOLYST

• synthesis of block copolymers containing free-radical species in high densities. Experimental General Remarks Solvents/Reagents/Materials: Catalysts G1, G2 and G3 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Catalysts U1, U2 and U3 were obtained as gifts from the Umicore chemical company. All reagents used for the

Synthesis of bis(3-{[2-(allyloxy)ethoxy]methyl}-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)(phenyl)phosphine oxide – a tailor-made photoinitiator for dental adhesives

• Norbert Moszner,
• Iris Lamparth,
• Jörg Angermann,
• Urs Karl Fischer,
• Frank Zeuner,
• Thorsten Bock,
• Robert Liska and
• Volker Rheinberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 26, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.26

• photopolymerization of dimethacrylate resins, dental adhesives or composites and undergo an α-cleavage with the formation of benzoyl and germyl radicals, which may initiate the free-radical polymerization of the monomers present. In addition, bisacylphosphine oxides, such as commercially available bis(2,4,6

Mechanistic aspects of the isomerization of Z-vinylic tellurides double bonds in the synthesis of potassium Z-vinyltrifluoroborate salts

• Hélio A. Stefani,
• Rafael C. Guadagnin,
• Artur F. Keppler,
• Giancarlo V. Botteselle,
• João V. Comasseto and
• Carlos A. Suganuma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 9, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-4-9

• that occurs during the reaction to prepare the alkenyltrifluoroborate salts. The results presented above support a free radical pathway for the trans-cis double bond isomerization. Scheme 3 was proposed to account for the E-vinyl and nBuBF3K salts. In the first step, the butyl radical 5 is formed by

Part 1. Reduction of S-alkyl- thionocarbonates and related compounds in the presence of trialkylboranes/air

• Jean Boivin and
• Van Tai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 45, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-45

• Et3B/O2 is not limited to compounds where such shifts are possible and that such hydrogen migration does not pertain to the method used to generate the radical but to the intrinsic reactivity of radical B, as it is generally admitted that the fate of a free radical is independent of the method used to

Effect of transannular interaction on the redox- potentials in a series of bicyclic quinones

• Grigoriy Sereda,
• Jesse Van Heukelom,
• Miles Koppang,
• Sudha Ramreddy and
• Nicole Collins

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 26, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-26

• to the free radical redox-processes, involving triptycene-quinones and reactive oxygen species [2]. Better understanding of the transannular influence of a substituent on the redox-potentials of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-derived quinones will help in the design of new compounds with controlled biological

The Elbs and Boyland- Sims peroxydisulfate oxidations

• E. J. Behrman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 22, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-22

• solvent. The sulfate ester remains in the aqueous phase. Hydrolysis of the sulfate ester in aqueous acid produces the (usually) organic-soluble dihydric phenol. Reactions are usually run at room temperature or below to reduce the incursion of free radical reactions. The rates are rather slow with typical