An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

• pyridine structural class. Pyridine itself is produced industrially by either the traditional Chichibabin pyridine synthesis (Scheme 1, A), the Bönnemann reaction, a cobalt-catalysed cyclotrimerisation of alkynes and nitriles (Scheme 1, B) or the aerobic gas-phase condensation of croton aldehyde

• methods utilising cycloadditions of electron-rich oxazoles and acrylates [17][18] tri- and tetrazines with alkenes/alkynes [19] or pyrones with nitriles [20] have been used successfully to access specifically functionalised pyridines which are difficult to prepare by the more direct condensation routes. A

Synthesis and characterization of novel bioactive 1,2,4-oxadiazole natural product analogs bearing the N-phenylmaleimide and N-phenylsuccinimide moieties

• Catalin V. Maftei,
• Elena Fodor,
• Peter G. Jones,
• M. Heiko Franz,
• Gerhard Kelter,
• Heiner Fiebig and
• Ion Neda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.259

• reviewed the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles [33]. He pointed out that two general methods dominate the practical preparation (≈95%): (a) The condensation of amidoximes with carboxylic acid derivatives. (b) The dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to nitriles. The general approach for the synthesis of

• )–ZnCl2 as a catalyst for the synthesis of aniline 1 from amidoximes and organic nitriles [37]. tert-Butylamidoxime and 4-aminobenzonitrile were mixed in DMF with catalytic amounts of PTSA–ZnCl2. First, tert-butylamidoxime is activated by PTSA–ZnCl2; resulting in the formation of a Lewis acid–ammonia

[3 + 2]-Cycloadditions of nitrile ylides after photoactivation of vinyl azides under flow conditions

• Stephan Cludius-Brandt,
• Lukas Kupracz and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1745–1750, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.201

• cycloaddition reactions. They are commonly formed through three routes which are a) the addition of electrophilic carbenes to nitriles, b) the dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides, and c) the photochemical ring opening of strained 2H-azirines 2 [2][3][4][5]. The latter route can be initiated by the

Gallium-containing polymer brush film as efficient supported Lewis acid catalyst in a glass microreactor

• Rajesh Munirathinam,
• Roberto Ricciardi,
• Richard J. M. Egberink,
• Jurriaan Huskens,
• Michael Holtkamp,
• Herbert Wormeester,
• Uwe Karst and
• Willem Verboom

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1698–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.194

• nitriles and the ring closure of ortho-hydroxy oximes to the corresponding oxazoles. In general, our catalytic system showed faster conversions for most substrates than using lab scale conditions. XPS data, obtained on a flat silicon oxide surface, showed that on average one gallium per 2–3 styrene

• corresponding nitriles 8 and 9 showed molar absorptivities (ε) of 2200 and 7160 L·mol−1·cm−1, respectively, in that region. In case of anthracen-9-carbaldehyde oxime (5, Table 2, entry 3), the conversions were determined by following the increase in the absorbance at 403 nm (ε403 = 2600 L·mol−1·cm−1); the

A Lewis acid-promoted Pinner reaction

• Dominik Pfaff,
• Gregor Nemecek and
• Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.179

• identified as an imidate hydrochloride (Scheme 1). Best results in the Pinner reaction are obtained with primary or secondary alcohols and aliphatic or aromatic nitriles. A plausible mechanism (Scheme 2) starts with a protonation of the nitrile by the strong acid hydrogen chloride leading to a highly

• reaction with a 4 N hydrogen chloride solution in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) [7]. An ionic liquid based on a sulfonic acid was used by Jiang et al. [8], where this method has only been applied to aliphatic nitriles. A transition metal-catalyzed Pinner reaction using dihydridotetrakis

• (triphenylphosphano)ruthenium ([RuH2(PPh3)4]) as catalyst has been applied to aliphatic nitriles and alcohols and was similarly used for intramolecular reactions [9]. Schaefer et al. reported a base-catalyzed Pinner reaction, which gave only poor yields because of the setting of an equilibrium [10]. While developing

Interplay of ortho- with spiro-cyclisation during iminyl radical closures onto arenes and heteroarenes

• Roy T. McBurney and
• John C. Walton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1083–1092, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.120

• terminate rapidly at diffusion-controlled rates by N–N coupling to give azines [32]. β-Scission reactions yielding nitriles do occur, but are not important at T < ~420 K for aryliminyls or for iminyls with primary alkyl substituents [32]. The rate constants for H-abstraction by iminyls yielding imines are

Simple synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-e]indole-1-carbonitriles

• Adam Trawczyński,
• Robert Bujok,
• Zbigniew Wróbel and
• Krzysztof Wojciechowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 934–941, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.107

• position 2 with electron-withdrawing groups. Keywords: alkylation; ketones; nitriles; pyrroloindole; reduction; trimethylchlorosilane; Introduction Indole and its analogues bearing condensed arene and heteroarene rings are privileged structures amongst biologically active compounds. The 1,2

• combination with DBU proved ineffective in this reaction giving a very low rate of conversion after 24 h. Thus, transformations of other nitriles 5b–g into pyrrolo[3,2-e]indoles 6 were performed in the DBU–chlorotrimethylsilane system, and the results are presented in Table 1. It is worth mentioning that the

Spectroscopic characterization of photoaccumulated radical anions: a litmus test to evaluate the efficiency of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes

• Maurizio Fagnoni,
• Stefano Protti,
• Davide Ravelli and
• Angelo Albini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 800–808, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.91

• Maurizio Fagnoni Stefano Protti Davide Ravelli Angelo Albini PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.9.91 Abstract Steady-state irradiation in neat acetonitrile of some aromatic nitriles, imides and esters (10−5–10−3 M

• intermediates. Keywords: aromatic nitriles; persistent radical anion; photochemical activation; photoinduced electron transfer (PET); photooxidant; reactive intermediates; Introduction Redox reactions between organic molecules have a limited scope because of the rarely matched redox potential. On the other

• reduced and an oxidized product is formed. As an example, the largely positive reduction potential of aromatic nitriles [5][8][9] and cyanophthalimides [10] in the singlet excited state or of aromatic esters in the triplet state [5][11] makes PET a common occurrence upon irradiation of such substrates in

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed intermolecular carbomagnesiation and carbozincation

• Kei Murakami and
• Hideki Yorimitsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 278–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.34

• ]. A wide variety of ynamides and organozinc reagents could be used for the reaction (Table 2). Yorimitsu and Oshima reported an interesting transformation of ynamides to nitriles by a carbomagnesiation/aza-Claisen rearrangement sequence (Scheme 15) [79][80]. Carbomagnesiation and carbozincation of

The chemistry of bisallenes

• Henning Hopf and
• Georgios Markopoulos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1936–1998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.225

The Amadori rearrangement as glycoconjugation method: Synthesis of non-natural C-glycosyl type glycoconjugates

• Katharina Gallas,
• Gerit Pototschnig,
• Florian Adanitsch,
• Arnold E. Stütz and
• Tanja M. Wrodnigg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1619–1629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.185

• HCN in pyridine and triethylamine and subsequent reductive hydrolysis of the corresponding nitriles 18 (a and b) gave very good conversion to D-glycero-D-galacto heptose 18a, together with a minor amount of D-glycero-D-talo-heptopyranose 19b (Scheme 4). From the NMR analysis of the crude product

Organocatalytic C–H activation reactions

• Subhas Chandra Pan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.159

• Brønsted acids as catalysts was screened for this reaction, and the best reaction efficiency in terms of yield and reaction time was achieved with benzoic acid (10 mol %). The scope of the reaction was investigated and was found to tolerate a wide variety of functional groups including nitro, nitriles

Efficient synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-4-halo-1H-pyrazoles from 3-arylsydnones and 2-aryl-1,1-dihalo-1-alkenes

• Yiwen Yang,
• Chunxiang Kuang,
• Hui Jin,
• Qing Yang and
• Zhongkui Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1656–1662, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.195

• ], alkenyl arenes [19], 1,3-dienes [20][21], α,β-unsaturated esters [19][22] and nitriles [23], phosphane oxides [24] or with alkynyl silanes [18], stannanes [18][25][26], arenes [27][28], esters [29][30][31][32][33], boronic esters [34][35]. However, the cycloaddition of sydnones with 1,1-dihaloalkenes is

Functionalization of heterocyclic compounds using polyfunctional magnesium and zinc reagents

• Paul Knochel,
• Matthias A. Schade,
• Sebastian Bernhardt,
• Georg Manolikakes,
• Albrecht Metzger,
• Fabian M. Piller,
• Christoph J. Rohbogner and
• Marc Mosrin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1261–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.147

• -magnesiated quinoline 69. All these magnesiations proceed at low temperature (−50 °C to −78 °C) and are complete within 2 h reaction time. After reaction with TsCN, the corresponding nitriles 67 and 70 were obtained in 84–85% yield (Scheme 12 and Supporting Information File 1, Procedure 5) [36]. The rate of

• that the presence of iPrI (or another alkyl iodide) catalyzes the Kumada cross-coupling reaction, such that highly reactive functional groups, such as ketones, esters or nitriles, are perfectly tolerated (Scheme 24 and Supporting Information File 1, Procedure 10) [57][58]. The mechanism of the reaction

Selectivity in C-alkylation of dianions of protected 6-methyluridine

• Ngoc Hoa Nguyen,
• Christophe Len,
• Anne-Sophie Castanet and
• Jacques Mortier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1228–1233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.143

• carbonyl compounds and epoxides either exclusively or predominantly at the γ-position [41][42][43]. Previous work also showed that cyclic enaminoketones, esters and nitriles were converted into their enolate with n-BuLi and alkylated with a variety of alkylating agents, affording the product of an

Recent developments in gold-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions

• Fernando López and
• José L. Mascareñas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1075–1094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.124

• nitriles in the presence of cationic gold catalysts, such as Et3PAuCl/AgSbF6, to give tetrasubstituted pyridines 30 in good yields (Scheme 18) [72]. Cycloadditions initiated by gold-activation of propargyl esters These cycloadditions are a special case of those based on the activation of alkynes and

A practical two-step procedure for the preparation of enantiopure pyridines: Multicomponent reactions of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids followed by a cyclocondensation reaction

• Christian Eidamshaus,
• Roopender Kumar,
• Mrinal K. Bera and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 962–975, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.108

• chains in the 2- and 6-positions is described. The presented two-step process utilizes a multicomponent reaction of alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids to provide β-methoxy-β-ketoenamides which are transformed into 4-hydroxypyridines in a subsequent cyclocondensation. The process shows broad

• provide dihydropyridine 6. Elimination of trimethylsilanol and subsequent O-desilylation affords the 4-hydroxypyridine 7 (Scheme 1). The desired β-ketoenamides 4 are either accessible by acylation of enaminoketones or by a multicomponent reaction of lithiated alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids

• enantiopurity [40]. Chiral carboxylic acids are readily available and their use would allow for a rapid access to pyridines with side chains bearing stereogenic centers. In recent years we studied intensively the multicomponent reactions of lithiated alkoxyallenes with nitriles and carboxylic acids and could

Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds

• He Huang,
• Yu Zhou and
• Hong Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 897–936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.103

• aqueous media (Scheme 33). This transformation is atom-economical and has high functional group tolerance [83]. 3.4 Nitriles and nitrines as nucleophiles Ibrahim et al. reported a new and mild method for the synthesis of amide 184 from readily available benzhydrol 183 and nitriles catalyzed by a gold(I

• -ynes 282 and non-activated nitriles was introduced by Barluenga and co-workers [148]. The sequence is promoted by both, gold(I) and gold(III) catalysts and leads to the regioselective formation of tetrasubstituted pyridines 289. The initial coordination of the triple bond to the gold catalyst forms

Homoallylic amines by reductive inter- and intramolecular coupling of allenes and nitriles

• Peter Wipf and
• Marija D. Manojlovic

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 824–830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.94

• Peter Wipf Marija D. Manojlovic Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA 10.3762/bjoc.7.94 Abstract The one-pot hydrozirconation of allenes and nitriles followed by an in situ transmetalation of the allylzirconocene with dimethylzinc or zinc

• preparation of these species is the addition of various metal hydrides to nitriles [16][17][18][19][20], including aluminium [21][22][23][24], niobium [25], samarium [26] and iron hydrides [27]. Zirconocene hydrochloride can also be added to nitriles to provide N-zirconoimines, which can be trapped with a

• , the utility of the hydrozirconation of nitriles can be enhanced by using Lewis acids to engage nitrile-derived acylimines in Friedel–Crafts reactions, generating indanyl or tetrahydronaphthyl derivatives [34][35]. Previous work in our group had concentrated on the transmetalation of alkenyl- and

Asymmetric synthesis of tertiary thiols and thioethers

• Jonathan Clayden and
• Paul MacLellan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 582–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.68

• . The use of α,α-dialkyl hydroxy esters 8 is more successful: Thioethers 10 are formed in high yield and with almost complete stereospecificity (Scheme 3). Using the same principles of low steric bulk and electronic inhibition of the SN1 reaction pathway, α-(sulfonyloxy)nitriles, easily prepared from

Unusual behavior in the reactivity of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in a resistively heated microreactor

• Bernhard Gutmann,
• Toma N. Glasnov,
• Tahseen Razzaq,
• Walter Goessler,
• Dominique M. Roberge and
• C. Oliver Kappe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 503–517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.59

• environment [41], in combination with the use of a flow reactor that employed a standard Al heating block as a coil heater [25]. Using this set-up, a general and scalable method for the continuous flow synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles via the addition of HN3 to organic nitriles was developed [25]. For

Systematic investigations on the reduction of 4-aryl-4-oxoesters to 1-aryl-1,4-butanediols with methanolic sodium borohydride

• Subrata Kumar Chaudhuri,
• Manabendra Saha,
• Amit Saha and
• Sanjay Bhar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 748–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.94

• groups, e.g. esters, nitro, nitriles, etc., remain unaffected [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Although it has been reported that some aliphatic and aromatic esters have been reduced with a large excess of sodium or other metal borohydrides [11][12], often in higher boiling solvents [13] and in

Conjugated polymers containing diketopyrrolopyrrole units in the main chain

• Bernd Tieke,
• A. Raman Rabindranath,
• Kai Zhang and
• Yu Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 830–845, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.92

• step in high yield by the reaction of benzonitrile (or other aromatic nitriles) with succinic acid diesters. Numerous DPP derivatives have since been synthesized, their colours ranging from orange yellow via red to purple. Many DPP derivatives exhibit a high photostability in the solid state, weather

Preparation of pyridine-3,4-diols, their crystal packing and their use as precursors for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

• Tilman Lechel,
• Irene Brüdgam and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 42, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.42

• alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids [21]. It is noteworthy, that the respective protecting group at C-3 of the pyridine core was originally incorporated with the alkoxyallene moiety. The mild cleavage of the benzyl-protected pyridine 1a to diol 2a was achieved by hydrogenolysis in the presence of

A review of new developments in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation – From green chemistry to asymmetric catalysis

• Magnus Rueping and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 6, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.6

• desired alkylated alkynes 117 in high yields and excellent anti diastereoselectivities of up to 99 : 1 d.r. (Scheme 43) [117]. Treatment of chiral β-hydroxy esters with aromatic and aliphatic nitriles in the presence of catalytic amounts of TfOH and subsequent hydrolysis in a Ritter-type reaction led to