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Search for "cells" in Full Text gives 846 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138
An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136
- scaffolds, which may be required for suitable interaction with cells or other materials. SIPGP does not require special equipment other than a UV lamp or special reagents. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the feasibility using HEMA as monomer, but essentially any monomer polymerizable by free radical
Recent advances in the syntheses of anthracene derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2028–2050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.131
- years because of their interesting photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. They are currently the subject of research in several areas, which investigate their use in the biological field and their application in OLEDs, OFETs, polymeric materials, solar cells, and many other organic
Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129
- strategy in AGA has already shown promising results [182] and could fuel the production of well-defined polysaccharides based on multiple 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages. Xylose-based polysaccharides Xylans are abundant polysaccharides mainly found in plants or in mammalian cells as proteoglycans [189][190
Asymmetric organocatalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1952–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.128
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors [11][12][13], being LSPN223 the most potent compound (Figure 2). Furthermore, coumarin derivatives have been used as fluorescent probes, laser dyes, fluorescent chemosensors, light absorbers for solar cells, optical brighteners, and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) [14][15]. From a
Cationic oligonucleotide derivatives and conjugates: A favorable approach for enhanced DNA and RNA targeting oligonucleotides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1828–1848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.125
- improved liver targeting [22][23] and ASO–glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) conjugation for improved delivery to pancreatic β-cells [24]. Previously, Menzi et al. reviewed the impact of cationic modifications and conjugations for ONs and siRNAs biophysical and biological activities until 2015 [25]. In this
- complement and improved nuclease resistance. Additionally, a 20-mer PS-ASO with nine incorporations of modification 34 near the 3’-end was introduced into A549 cells via the electroporation method to induce c-raf mRNA and protein knockdown. Improved activity of the modified PS-ASO relative to the unmodified
- ’-position (Table 5). Interestingly the resulting nucleotides were found to adopt a conformation which was, with respect to duplex stability, tolerated at terminal positions but not at internal positions [91]. The modified PS-ASOs were transfected into human-607B melanoma cells, and after 48 h, the B-cell
Natural products in the predatory defence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1814–1827, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.124
- , like Protostelium aurantium, were recently found to be exclusively fungivorous, feeding on both yeasts and filamentous fungi alike [29]. Additionally, amoeba closely resemble human phagocytic cells and the interactions of fungi and amoeba often parallels interactions of fungi and macrophages as was
- . fumigatus as an example because of its high medical importance and its diverse profile of secondary metabolites which seems to fulfil dual roles: targeting innate immune cells during virulence and protect from environmental predators in natural habitats. Review Natural products of Aspergillus fumigatus The
- also regulated by cluster specific transcriptional regulators TpcD/E [53]. Though the precise mechanism of action of trypacidin remains to be elucidated, it was shown to exhibit antiprotozoal, antiphagocytic and cytotoxic activities in vitro. Gauthier and colleagues (2012) have shown that in lung cells
A systems-based framework to computationally describe putative transcription factors and signaling pathways regulating glycan biosynthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.119
- relationships, the starting point for experimental system-wide validation. Keywords: ChIP-Seq; glycoinformatics; glycosylation; TCGA transcription factor; Introduction The glycan signatures of cells and tissue are controlled by the expression pattern of 300–350 glycosylating-related genes that are together
- α2-6 sialyltransferases ST6Gal-I/II by hypoxic nuclear factor 1-α (HNF1-α) in HepG2 cells [7], c-JUN-B3GNT8 regulatory relationships in gastric carcinoma cell lines [8], and SP1-B4GALT1 relations in lung cancer A549 cells [9]. A recent study also used computational predictions and wet-lab experiments
- to be constitutively active in luminal breast cancer and confers antiapoptotic characteristics to cells [21]. The other two communities detected consisted primarily of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Complex N-linked glycan synthesis and the dolichol pathway were significantly enriched in the second
Volatile emission and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi colonizing black poplar leaves
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1698–1711, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.118
- Scientific). The E. coli strain BL21 Star™ (DE3) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used for heterologous expression. The culture was grown at 37 °C, induced at an OD600 = 0.6 with 1 mM IPTG, and subsequently placed at 18 °C and grown for another 20 hours. The cells were collected by centrifugation and disrupted
Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116
- folding in compact structures and aggregation in concentrated solutions [13]. Other bottlenecks for in vivo applications of PNA have been poor cellular uptake and unfavorable pharmacokinetics [14][15][16]. Unmodified PNAs are not taken up by eukaryotic cells in vitro and are cleared rapidly (within 10–30
- cells [72]. GPNA targeting the transcriptional start-site of the human E-cadherin gene had potent and sequence-specific antisense activity and was less toxic to the cells than the PNA–polyarginine conjugate [73]. Interestingly, the α-arginine modification in either ʟ- or ᴅ-configuration destabilized PNA
- PNAs to HeLa cells achieving sub-nanomolar antisense activity [91]. More recent studies introduced sulphate and carboxylate groups at the γ-position of PNA backbone (Figure 5) but neither modification showed promising hybridization profiles or improved cellular uptake [92][93]. Modified nucleobases in
2,4-Bis(arylethynyl)-9-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroacridines: synthesis and photophysical properties
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.115
- attention for their inspiring applications in the fields of solar cells [1][2][3], organic devices [4][5][6][7][8], and as chemosensors [9][10]. The acridine core (Figure 1), formed by two benzenes fused to a pyridine ring, is among the most extensively studied heterocyclic aromatic compounds. It has first
A recent overview on the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1600–1628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.114
- reaction between 54 and 55 was performed in anhydrous methanol under an argon atmosphere to construct 56. The study on the in vitro drug release showed enhanced drug release at an acidic pH value in comparison to a neutral pH value. Importantly, the amount of DOX required for MCF-7 cells was decreased
Recent advances in the application of isoindigo derivatives in materials chemistry
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1533–1564, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.111
- of functional materials are analyzed and summarized. These bisheterocycles can be used in the creation of organic solar cells, sensors, lithium ion batteries as well as in OFET and OLED technologies. The potentials of the use of polymer structures based on isoindigo as photoactive component in the
- photoelectrochemical reduction of water, as matrix for MALDI spectrometry and in photothermal cancer therapy are also shown. Data published over the past 5 years, including works published at the beginning of 2021, are given. Keywords: isoindigo; OFET; photoactive polymers; photovoltaics; solar cells; Introduction
- construction of polymeric materials for various purposes. Review Organic solar cells (OSCs) on the base of isoindigo derivatives Since the pioneering works on the use of isoindigo derivatives in the design of OSCs [3][4][5], specialists in this field have made significant progress in tuning and improving their
Iodine-catalyzed electrophilic substitution of indoles: Synthesis of (un)symmetrical diindolylmethanes with a quaternary carbon center
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1464–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.102
- effect was less pronounced for 3ad. Non-transfected cells used as controls also did not show any effect after treatment with 3ad (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2C). DIM was previously shown to be weak inverse agonist at CB1 receptors which is consistent with our current findings for DIM
Synthesis of 1-indolyl-3,5,8-substituted γ-carbolines: one-pot solvent-free protocol and biological evaluation
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1453–1463, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.101
- cancer cells. Keywords: γ-carboline; cascade reaction; cell uptake; cytotoxicity; fluorescence; Introduction Carbolines are privileged aza-heterocycles found in the core of several natural and synthetic compounds and are known for their biological applications. Among the four different isomers, 9H
- effective against cervical cancer (HeLa cells) [8]. Moreover, γ-carbolines are known for their well-established DNA intercalating [9] and anti-Alzheimer [10] properties. The classical Graebe–Ullmann synthesis [11] of γ-carbolines, one of the very early protocols in the domain, is based on the thermal
- with a standard drug, doxorubicin, were screened for their cytotoxicity against various cancer lines (Figure 5, Table 3 and Figure S2, in Supporting Information File 1) such as MCF-7 (breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells), A431 (skin cancer), A549 (lung cancer
Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98
- monomeric units polymerize to construct nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These macromolecules preserve and express genetic information in all living cells and viruses. Modified nucleosides are a class of organic compounds which are unnatural and have an altered/substituted nucleobase and/or a modified pentose
- showed a moderate cytostatic activity against human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells [37]. It is pertinent to mention that Sharma et al. [29] have reviewed the double-headed nucleotides in the recent past with a focus on their effects in nucleic acid duplexes and other secondary structures. Herein, we focused
Design, synthesis and photophysical properties of novel star-shaped truxene-based heterocycles utilizing ring-closing metathesis, Clauson–Kaas, Van Leusen and Ullmann-type reactions as key tools
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.96
- applications ranging from organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), fluorescent probes, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) to the high hole mobility semiconductors, blue light-emitting materials, nonlinear optical materials and so forth [5][6][7
Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95
- been in-vitro synthesized [32][42], being RNases resistant, and can release cargo in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells [32][33][43]. This work aims to evaluate the efficacy of CCMV VLP-VP28 dsRNA (VLP-dsRNAvp28) delivery against WSSV, by oral administration to shrimp through commercial feed pellets
- ]. Also, the CCMV VLPs are resistant to enzyme degradation through the digestive tract [32][33][34]. It is to be kept in mind that possibly the shrimp’s virus, in contrast to CCMV VLP’s, needs specific receptors to be internalized in the shrimp cells. For these reasons, CCMV VLPs show quite an advantage
- CCMV (data not shown). Furthermore, these VLPs can be chemically modified with a peptide or using protein engineering, to express on its external surface to better recognize (target) the WSSV infected cells increasing the antiviral therapy efficiency. Because new viral outbreaks are the primary threat
A new glance at the chemosphere of macroalgal–bacterial interactions: In situ profiling of metabolites in symbiosis by mass spectrometry
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1313–1322, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.91
- . MS6 and Roseovarius sp. MS2 forming a tripartite community [3][7][8] (see also Figure 1a and the Graphical Abstract). In turn, Roseovarius sp. benefits from the released photosynthate glycerol as a carbon source [9]. Axenic Ulva germ cells (i.e. gametes) develop into a callus-like phenotype composed
- of undifferentiated cells with malformed cell walls [8][10]. Up to now, the bacterial sesquiterpenoid thallusin, released by Maribacter spp. [11][12], is the only known AGMPF that induces morphogenesis such as rhizoid and cell-wall formation in Ulva spp. [11][12] or thallus development in Monostroma
- in axenic algae and those present during macroalgal–bacterial symbiosis Axenic gametes of U. mutabilis (phenotype slender) were allowed to settle onto glass plates in Petri dishes filled with growth medium. In the absence of the symbionts, the axenic gametes developed into undifferentiated cells
Synthesis of 10-O-aryl-substituted berberine derivatives by Chan–Evans–Lam coupling and investigation of their DNA-binding properties
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 991–1000, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.81
- , it has been found that berberine (1a) exhibits a selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells [12][13], which is mainly based on its DNA-binding properties [14]. Since the complexation with DNA leads to significant changes of the fluorescent quantum yields of the bound berberine, it can also be used
- complementary class of arylated berberine derivatives was discovered, which may constitute a promising starting point for the development of lead structures in drug discovery. Experimental Equipment Absorption spectra: Varian Cary 100 Bio spectrophotometer in quartz cells (10 mm × 4 mm) with baseline correction
- . Emission spectra: Varian Cary Eclipse spectrophotometer in quartz cells (10 mm × 4 mm) at 20 °C. NMR spectra: Jeol ECZ 500 (1H: 500 MHz, 13C: 125 MHz) at 25 °C; processed with MestReNova software and referenced to the solvent [δ(DMSO-d5): 1H = 2.50 ppm, 13C: δ = 39.5 ppm, δ(CHCl3): 1H = 7.26 ppm, 13C: δ
Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76
- ® (givosiran, 2019), OXLUMO® (lumasiran, 2020) and LEQVIO® (inclisiran, 2020) have 2'-OMe modifications [18][19][20][21] (https://www.oligotherapeutics.org/20th-anniversary-of-rna-interference-in-mammalian-cells/). Interestingly, both 2'-OMe [22] and PS [23] date back to the 1960s and constitute the earliest
Enhanced target cell specificity and uptake of lipid nanoparticles using RNA aptamers and peptides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 891–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.75
- Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) constitute a facile and scalable approach for delivery of payloads to human cells. LNPs are relatively immunologically inert and can be produced in a cost effective and scalable manner. However, targeting and delivery of LNPs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has proven
- receptor type 5 (CCR5), a HIV-1 coreceptor. We report herein a CCR5-selective RNA aptamer that acts to facilitate entry through a simplified BBB model and that drives the uptake of LNPs into CCR5-expressing cells, while the gp160 aptamer did not. We further observed that the addition of cell-penetrating
- ) represent an effective platform for delivering small molecules, RNA, or DNA into target cells [1]. LNPs have been successfully deployed via different administration routes in vivo to distribute cargo into target tissues [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By changing lipid composition [6] and/or including short peptides
Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71
- longer reaction time (3 h) with lower yields (60%) as compared to microwave (20 min with 91% yield). The library of molecules synthesized was found to be active against SKOV-3 cancer cells with 9a emerging as a promising molecule with IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.05 μM (Scheme 3). The protocol surfaces the efficiency
DNA with zwitterionic and negatively charged phosphate modifications: Formation of DNA triplexes, duplexes and cell uptake studies
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.65
- responsible for the stabilisation of duplexes with N+ modification. N+ONs also demonstrated greater resistance to nuclease digestion by snake venom phosphodiesterase I than the corresponding Ts-ONs. Cell uptake studies showed that Ts-ONs can enter the nucleus of mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells without any
- synthesised possessing four or five N+ or four Ts modifications and a fluorescent label (6-FAM) at the 3ʼ-end (Table 1) was tested. Asynchronously growing NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts were incubated with the ONs for 12 hours, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde before the cells were processed for fluorescent confocal
- the modified ONs to enzymatic digestion by snake venom phosphodiesterase I. The FAM-labelled ONs were shown to enter cells without the use of a transfection reagent. After a 12 hour incubation, the Ts-ON was present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. In comparison, there was less cellular uptake of 4N
Simulating the enzymes of ganglioside biosynthesis with Glycologue
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 739–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.64
- disorders of ganglioside biosynthesis can lead to a number of neuropathies, including motor deficits, microcephaly, sensory loss, and autistic features [10][11]. Certain gangliosides, such as GM2, have been identified as tumor markers for breast cancer stem cells [12], while members of the alpha-series
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