Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• yield of 79%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the deformation and reduction in size of SAOED particles upon milling. Interestingly, carbon determination experiments revealed that SAOED is quickly poisoned by organic matter, thus hampering recyclability. This can be to some extent

Synthesis and characterizations of highly luminescent 5-isopropoxybenzo[rst]pentaphene

• Islam S. Marae,
• Jingyun Tan,
• Rengo Yoshioka,
• Zakaria Ziadi,
• Eugene Khaskin,
• Serhii Vasylevskyi,
• Ryota Kabe,
• Xiushang Xu and
• Akimitsu Narita

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 270–276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.19

• intriguing rod-like nano- to microcrystals and/or longer wires, which were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results and Discussion BPP 2 could be prepared by the “DPEX” reaction [12] in 60% yield on a 0.1 g scale from dialdehyde 1 with a concentration of 0.60 mM (Table 1, entry 1). However

• and photonics [32][33][34][35]. However, precise preparation and shape control over organic crystals are still elusive targets [36]. We carried out SEM analysis of crystals of BPP-OiPr 3 obtained by slow evaporation of its solution in a mixture of dichloromethane and n-hexane (Figure 3). The formation

• : 12 µm, length: 318 µm; Figure 3c) of BPP-OiPr 3 were observed along with a long nanowire with the width of ≈50 nm and length over 1.8 µm (Figure 3d). Moreover, nano- and microcrystals of BPP 2 and BPP-dione 4 with similar shapes were also obtained and visualized by SEM (Figures S6 and S7 in

Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

• force microscopy (AFM), electron microscopy (EM) techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are the most common techniques for imaging self-assembled

• techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), have proven to be some of the most robust and popular supramolecular characterisation techniques. SEM raster scans a fine beam of electrons over a sample surface. As electrons strike the surface, interactions

• electrons. This results in a bright-field image where areas that are actively scattering have fewer electrons, resulting in a darker contrast [30]. Together SEM and TEM can enable multiscale quantification of nanostructural and microstructural features (Figure 6) [30]. The versatility of EM can reveal a

Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts as macroscopic soft scaffolds

• Ka-Lung Hung,
• Leong-Hung Cheung,
• Yikun Ren,
• Ming-Hin Chau,
• Yan-Yi Lam,
• Takashi Kajitani and
• Franco King-Chi Leung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1590–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.142

• soft scaffold of DA11 was imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal bundled nanofibers partially aligned with the long axis of the macroscopic soft scaffold (Figure 4b). The degree of alignment (structural parameters and orientational order) of macroscopic soft scaffolds of DA11 were

• π–π stacking of the DASA motifs. However, no significant unidirectional alignment was observed in WAXD and SEM images of DA7 and DA6 macroscopic soft scaffolds (Figure S11a and S11c as well as S12a and S12c, Supporting Information File 1, respectively). Electron microscopy and WAXD revealed that a

• Microscopy Science) was directly deposited onto the grid for 20 s, and the stain was removed by blotting. SEM and polarized optical microscopy analysis Polarized optical microscopy was performed on a Leica DM2700-P optical polarizing microscope. SEM was performed on a Tescan VEGA3 scanning electron

Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• microscopy (SEM) at different magnifications, as shown in Figure 1a–d. The images reveal a layered structure exhibiting a rough surface with agglomerated, irregular, and dense particles. Figure 2a–e shows the elemental mapping analysis of Pt-PCN conducted using SEM-EDX. A homogeneous distribution of Pt

• (Figure 2d) was found across the surfaces of the Pt-PCN, confirming their uniformity. To ensure that the homogeneous distribution of Pt on the surface of PCN is not random, multiple particles were analyzed using SEM-EDX (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), which shows the uniform distribution

• photocatalyst is referred to as Pt-PCN. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and elemental distribution of the Pt-PCN were analyzed using a ZEISS LEO 1550 VP scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) from Ametek, USA. The SEM was operated at an acceleration

Preparing a liquid crystalline dispersion of carbon nanotubes with high aspect ratio

• Keiko Kojima,
• Nodoka Kosugi,
• Hirokuni Jintoku,
• Kazufumi Kobashi and
• Toshiya Okazaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 52–58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.7

• buoyancy resulting from particle porosity [22][23][27][28]. Indeed, the DWCNT agglomerates having corresponding size can be seen in the optical microscope image of the dispersion (Figure 1b). The shapes of DWCNTs in the dispersion were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force

• was larger than the value reported in previous research (L/D = 1088) [23]. Based on the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, the average diameter of DWCNTs was ≈1.8 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a). Since the observed DWCNT diameter based on the SEM images is ≈2.1 nm, the

• [23][31][32]. However, the value obtained is almost identical to the previous ones with SWCNTs having a smaller L/D (≈0.22) [23]. Figure 4d shows a typical SEM image of the prepared DWCNT film. One μm wide DWCNT bundles on the film's surface align along the shear direction, while the remaining DWCNTs

Non-peptide compounds from Kronopolites svenhedini (Verhoeff) and their antitumor and iNOS inhibitory activities

• Yuan-Nan Yuan,
• Jin-Qiang Li,
• Hong-Bin Fang,
• Shao-Jun Xing,
• Yong-Ming Yan and
• Yong-Xian Cheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 789–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.59

• ) and (B), the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in response to compounds at 20 and 40 μM was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± SEM values of three experiments. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared with the CON group (DMSO alone). (C)‒(E), Western blotting was used to

Preparation of β-cyclodextrin/polysaccharide foams using saponin

• Max Petitjean and
• José Ramón Isasi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 78–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.7

• correlated to the foam stability. Morphology of the matrices studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The different microstructures of the samples have been analysed for the three polysaccharide combinations. Those of β-cyclodextrin/LBG matrices will be shown here, since all the polysaccharides

• 15 mg/g of matrix. Similar results are found for the liquid path in the absence of saponin. The favourable influence of saponin to produce a more efficient matrix is confirmed. The freeze drying of solutions permits to produce microporous materials, as seen in the SEM images of Figure 2, where the

• different times and the percent emergence of the liquid fraction was plotted vs time (see also Figure 1). Characterization of matrices: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of gold-sputter-coated samples was carried out using a Phenom Pro 739 microscope. Infrared analysis was carried out for the crushed

Using UHPLC–MS profiling for the discovery of new sponge-derived metabolites and anthelmintic screening of the NatureBank bromotyrosine library

• Sasha Hayes,
• Aya C. Taki,
• Kah Yean Lum,
• Joseph J. Byrne,
• Merrick G. Ekins,
• Robin B. Gasser and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1544–1552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.164

• , were included as active compound references. Data points represent three independent experiments conducted in triplicate: the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). NMR data for the TFA salt of 5-debromopurealidin H (1) in DMSO-d6.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 336: UHPLC–UV

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation

• Ashish Kumar Mazumdar,
• Gyana Prakash Nanda,
• Nisha Yadav,
• Upasana Deori,
• Upasha Acharyya,
• Bahadur Sk and
• Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.122

• % water/THF) of BPy-pTC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image showed the spherical nanoaggregates of BPy-pTC, with 95 nm diameter (Figure 3f). The BPy-p3C compound emitted in the green region at λem = 530 nm in THF, with a PLQY of 3.6% (Figure 3a). Similar to BPy-pTC

• increasing water fraction (in vol %) at room temperature. Digital photographs of (c) BPy-pTC and (d) BPy-p3C in THF/water solutions under exposure to a UV lamp (λex = 365 nm). (e) Plot of PL intensity vs water fraction of BPy-pTC and BPy-p3C depicting the AIEE phenomenon in BPy-p3C. (f) SEM image of BPy-pTC

Green synthesis of C5–C6-unsubstituted 1,4-DHP scaffolds using an efficient Ni–chitosan nanocatalyst under ultrasonic conditions

• Soumyadip Basu,
• Sauvik Chatterjee,
• Suman Ray,
• Suvendu Maity,
• Prasanta Ghosh,
• Asim Bhaumik and
• Chhanda Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 133–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.14

• characterized by powder Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, etc. It was effectively utilized in the eco-friendly synthesis of

• H-bonding. The presence of diffraction peaks at 2Θ 9.2 and 19.7 (in degree) indicated the presence of a chitosan framework [28], whereas the other minor diffraction peaks were observed due to the presence of Ni(II). From the SEM and TEM images of the catalyst, we confirmed the morphological features

• of the material (Figure 3a and Figure 3b). The TEM images showed agglomeration of spherical NPs, leading to the formation of multiple scaffolds. In the SEM images, the presence of spheres of 40–60 nm was clearly visible (Figure 3c and Figure 3d). Often, these small NPs were agglomerated to form

Study on the interactions between melamine-cored Schiff bases with cucurbit[n]urils of different sizes and its application in detecting silver ions

• Jun-Xian Gou,
• Yang Luo,
• Xi-Nan Yang,
• Wei Zhang,
• Ji-Hong Lu,
• Zhu Tao and
• Xin Xiao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2950–2958, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.204

• the reason why the proton signals and absorbance of TBT in the 1H NMR and UV–vis spectra greatly declines. Then SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used for in-depth research of Q[8]-TBT complex. As shown in Figure 4b, compared with TBT (5.35 nm), the particle size of Q[8]-TBT is greatly

• increased to 3726.58 nm. At the same time, SEM (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S10) has also detected a large number of massive Q[8]-TBT complexes. Detection of Ag+ based on Q[7]-TBT The guest molecule TBT contains three carboxyl groups and a wealth of lone-pair electrons, so it has a high

Synthesis of highly substituted fluorenones via metal-free TBHP-promoted oxidative cyclization of 2-(aminomethyl)biphenyls. Application to the total synthesis of nobilone

• Ilya A. P. Jourjine,
• Lukas Zeisel,
• Jürgen Krauß and
• Franz Bracher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2668–2679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.181

• good yields via metal- and additive-free TBHP-promoted cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of readily accessible N-methyl-2-(aminomethyl)biphenyls and 2-(aminomethyl)biphenyls. This methodology is compatible with numerous functional groups (methoxy, cyano, nitro, chloro, and SEM and TBS-protective

• . Both TBS and SEM protecting groups were tolerated, as demonstrated by the syntheses of the fluorenones 10u and 10v (52 and 46% yields). As expected, the O-benzyl group was not tolerated, giving only trace amounts of product 10w, as benzyl ethers are well known to undergo side reactions with free

• Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, followed by reduction or reductive amination. The oxidative cyclization conditions are compatible with many functional groups on the aromatic rings (methoxy, chloro, cyano, nitro, and phenol protecting groups like TBS and SEM – but not benzyl and methylenedioxy

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)

• Jochen Löblein,
• Thomas Lorson,
• Miriam Komma,
• Tobias Kielholz,
• Maike Windbergs,
• Paul D. Dalton and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136

• , the high PCL signal intensity covers most of the signals originating from the thin PHEMA coating directly deposited on fibers (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4; a 3D Raman reconstruction is provided in Supporting Information File 2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) corroborates this fiber

• of PHEMA and PCL with the two significant peaks of PHEMA (829 cm−1) and PCL (1111 cm−1) marked with circles. (D) Shows these peaks as False-color Raman image of PCL fibers (red) and PHEMA coating (blue). A) SEM image of pristine, uncoated PCL MEW scaffolds with a hatch spacing of 150 µm × 200 µm and

• shown in (D), where the yellow arrows point at PHEMA strands, in contrast to the irregularities caused by the printing (orange arrows). E and F) SEM images of scaffolds with a hatch spacing of 500 µm under the same conditions as C). The yellow arrow in (E) points at a border line of PHEMA and the red

Photoinduced post-modification of graphitic carbon nitride-embedded hydrogels: synthesis of 'hydrophobic hydrogels' and pore substructuring

• Cansu Esen and
• Baris Kumru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1323–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.92

• ). After the polymerization was completed, polymer networks were purified as delineated in the experimental section. Altered pore morphology was investigated by SEM, and functional group analysis was achieved by FTIR. Enrichment of the hydrogel network with subsequent radical polymerization using various

• results confirm the photoinduced polymerization within the hydrogel network. Visible light irradiation leads to a polymerization of monomers within the three‐dimensional hydrogel network, thus one can expect altered pore morphologies. In that regard, SEM images are useful to explore the pore

• performed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES Optima 8000). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX elemental mapping were performed using a JSM-7500F (JEOL) microscope equipped with an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm2 detector for the determination of both elemental

Enhanced target cell specificity and uptake of lipid nanoparticles using RNA aptamers and peptides

• Roslyn M. Ray,
• Anders Højgaard Hansen,
• Maria Taskova,
• Bernhard Jandl,
• Jonas Hansen,
• Citra Soemardy,
• Kevin V. Morris and
• Kira Astakhova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 891–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.75

• ”, and “Make measurements” boxes were all checked. Intensity threshold parameters were set to a single threshold with the score compartment set to cytoplasm: Alexa Fluor 647 mean. Mean cytoplasm Alexa Flour 647 values were used and represented as mean ± SEM. Negative staining electron microscopy of LNPs

• representing the error bars. Statistical analysis Experiments are representative of two or three biological repeats performed in technical duplicates, unless otherwise stated. Data are represented as histograms with mean ± SEM. Data was prepared and analyzed using GraphPad Prism for Windows Version 8.3

• ) was determined. Histograms are representative of the mean ± SEM. Data representative of two independent experiments performed in quadruplicates. Formulations used in the present study.a DLS data listing particle size, PDI

Amino- and polyaminophthalazin-1(2H)-ones: synthesis, coordination properties, and biological activity

• Zbigniew Malinowski,
• Emilia Fornal,
• Agata Sumara,
• Renata Kontek,
• Karol Bukowski,
• Beata Pasternak,
• Dariusz Sroczyński,
• Joachim Kusz,
• Magdalena Małecka and
• Monika Nowak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 558–568, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.50

• assay. The SEM value is shown for each tested concentration value. Cytotoxic properties of the phthalazinone derivatives expressed as IC50 after 72 h of cell treatment. Values significantly differing from the control cell line (L-929) by ANOVA and Dunnett’s test: * increase and # decrease. Synthetic

Circularly polarized luminescent systems fabricated by Tröger's base derivatives through two different strategies

• Cheng Qian,
• Yuan Chen,
• Qian Zhao,
• Ming Cheng,
• Chen Lin,
• Juli Jiang and
• Leyong Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 52–57, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.6

• scanning electron microscope (SEM). At the molar ratio of rac-TBPP/DGG = 1:80, the co-gel shows belt-like nanofibers (Figure 3c), while the fibrous morphology could not be observed at the molar ratio of 1:16 (Figure 3d). It indicates that two different kinds of supramolecular assemblies were formed at the

• spectra of rac-TBPP/DGG co-gel (red line) and rac-TBPP/LGG (blue line) co-gel at the molar ratio of 1:80. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of rac-TBPP and rac-TBPP/DGG co-gel (rac-TBPP/DGG = 1:80). (b) FTIR spectra of DGG and rac-TBPP/DGG co-gels at molar ratios of 1:80 and 1:16, respectively. SEM images of

Ultrasound-assisted Strecker synthesis of novel 2-(hetero)aryl-2-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives

• Emese Gal,
• Luiza Gaina,
• Hermina Petkes,
• Alexandra Pop,
• Castelia Cristea,
• Gabriel Barta,
• Dan Cristian Vodnar and
• Luminiţa Silaghi-Dumitrescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2929–2936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.242

• precipitated from the reaction mixture in crystalline form as depicted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis disclosed the arrangement of the α-(arylamino)acetonitrile molecules in the aggregated crystalline state as a racemic mixture. The mutagenic

• that the C-(hetero)aryl-α-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives can be considered genotoxically safe and possibly antimutagenic. Keywords: Ames test; α-aminoacetonitriles; ferrocene; phenothiazine; SEM; single crystal XRD; sonochemistry; Introduction Sonochemistry can be considered as a major

• angle of 64.5°. The intermolecular distances are situated in the range 2.3–2.6 Å disclosing the lack of intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis Besides process intensification leading to a shorter reaction time, another advantage of the

A novel and robust heterogeneous Cu catalyst using modified lignosulfonate as support for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Bingbing Lai,
• Meng Ye,
• Ping Liu,
• Minghao Li,
• Rongxian Bai and
• Yanlong Gu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2888–2902, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.238

• ) conditions. ICP-MS data were recorded on ELAN DRC-e device. The morphologies of samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Sirion 200, Holland) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Talos F200X), respectively. 1H and 13C NMR

Selective recognition of ATP by multivalent nano-assemblies of bisimidazolium amphiphiles through “turn-on” fluorescence response

• Rakesh Biswas,
• Surya Ghosh,
• Shubhra Kanti Bhaumik and
• Supratim Banerjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2728–2738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.223

• fluorescence experiments applying the time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) method. 1H and 13C NMR were performed on Jeol 400 MHz and Bruker 500 MHz spectrometers. Mass spectra were recorded in a Bruker mass spectrometer. SEM images was recorded by using the instrument CARL ZEISS (model SUPRA 55VP

Particle size effect in the mechanically assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin mesitylene sulfonate

• Stéphane Menuel,
• Sébastien Saitzek,
• Eric Monflier and
• Frédéric Hapiot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2598–2606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.211

• highlighting the advantages of the mechanically assisted synthesis. Results and Discussion Analysis of ground CDs Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) SEM enables particle size evolution upon grinding to be monitored. The SEM images in Figure 1 show the surface topography changes of polycrystalline β-CD for six

• ). The spherical morphology could be deduced from the Solidicity program incorporated in the ImageJ software [22]. However, further grinding up to 297 min did not lead to further changes in either the morphology or the size of the β-CD particles (Figure 1f). From the SEM images and the inspection with

• . From the SEM images and using the ImageJ software, we were able to determine the size of the β-CD particles and the calculated Feret mean diameter (mean value of the Feret diameters over all orientations, i.e., 0–180°) are collected in Table 1. BET analysis The β-CD particle size was also confirmed by

Water-soluble host–guest complexes between fullerenes and a sugar-functionalized tribenzotriquinacene assembling to microspheres

• Si-Yuan Liu,
• Xin-Rui Wang,
• Man-Ping Li,
• Wen-Rong Xu and
• Dietmar Kuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2551–2561, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.207

• -(OG)6, and TBTQ-(OG)6 C60 were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As shown in Figure 7a and 7b, respectively, the SEM image of C60-fullerene displays cylindrical nanotubes and that of TBTQ-(OG)6 does not indicate any definite shape. However, well-dispersed microspheres with diameters

• 100 W ultrasonic cleaner. The surface morphology was investigated on a Phenom ProX scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Phenom World, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Samples were prepared from the freeze-dried aqueous solution/suspension of TBTQ-(OG)6, C60, and TBTQ-(OG)6 C60, and then gold-sputtered prior to

• , white: H for TBTQ-(OG)6; silver grey: C for C60). SEM images of (a) C60; (b) TBTQ-(OG)6; (c) and (d) TBTQ-(OG)6 C60 (C60: 1.4 mM; TBTQ-(OG)6: 1.4 mM in water, samples were freeze-dried and gold-sputtered before imaging). Synthetic route to TBTQ-(OG)6. Supporting Information Supporting Information File

Tools for generating and analyzing glycan microarray data

• Akul Y. Mehta,
• Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro and
• Richard D. Cummings

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2260–2271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.187

• presented as bar graphs with the mean or average fluorescence intensity (RFUs) on the y-axis with the glycan/print material id number on the x-axis, while the error bars represent the SD or standard error of the mean (SEM). Glycan microarray reporting guidelines In order to report glycan microarray